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Answer Key Interactive Reader and Study Guide 3. They fought about who would be the next caliph and objected to the creation of a powerful, privileged leading class. 4. Students should circle “Mongols” and write “China and Central Asia.” Chapter 9: Muslim Civilization CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. the Qu’ran 2. Muslim traders spread Islam as they moved along the trade routes, allowing the religion to spread quickly to a large area. 3. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity share the characteristics of monotheism and being major world religions. SECTION 3 Taking Notes Society: Islam affects nearly every aspect of daily life; the man is the head of the family; all of his wives are to be treated equally; women described in the Qur’an as “equal to men before Allah” but still had rules men did not have to follow; slavery allowed; trade important Arts: no human or animal figures in religious works; development of calligraphy; distinct architectural features such as minarets and domes on mosques; many classic literary works, including stories and poems Scholarship: scholarship very important; great works translated into Arabic; advances made in astronomy, medicine, geography, history SECTION 1 Taking Notes Muhammad is visited by an angel from Allah; proclaims himself Allah’s prophet; Muhammad and his followers move to Yathrib (later Medina); Islam grows; Muslims overtake Mecca; Qur’an written down by Muhammad’s followers; development of Five Pillars of Islam, the Sunna, and Sharia Section Summary 1. Muhammad’s first visit by the angel occurred around 610. He was born in about 570. 610 – 570 = 40 years 2. Because Muhammad criticized Meccans’ traditional belief in many gods and goddesses and idol worship. 3. Five Pillars of Islam 4. Sharia is a legal system. Section Summary 1. the family 2. Islam requires its followers to examine the world and seek evidence of Allah in its wonders. 3. astronomy, medical science, mathematics, philosophy, history, and geography 4. Students should underline “none of the religious works contain human or animal figures.” Muslims believe that portraying animals or humans could tempt people to worship those images instead of Allah alone, which would be a terrible sin. SECTION 2 Taking Notes Abu Bakr reunifies Arabia and spreads caliphate; Umayyad dynasty conquers area from China to Spain; Abbasids relocate capital to Baghdad; Muslim traders take Islam to West Africa and Southeast Asia Chapter 10: African Kingdoms Section Summary CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. Students should underline “The tension dated back to when Abu Bakr was chosen as caliph; some leaders had supported Muhammad’s cousin Ali instead.” 2. Sufis 1. Iron tools enabled early African farmers to clear more land for farming. This gave people the opportunity to move to new areas and grow more food, which led to an increase in the population. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 242 Teacher Management System Answer Key Muslim Civilization 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. b Vocabulary Builder SECTION 1 1. During a spiritual retreat, Muhammed explained that an angel commanded Muhammad to speak messages from Allah. After more visits, Muhammad concluded that Allah had chosen him to be his prophet. 2. Muslims are followers of Islam, and the Qur’an is the sacred text of Islam. 3. The Five Pillars of Islam include profession of faith, daily prayers, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, and traveling to Mecca, if physically and financially possible. 4. “achieving peace through submission to God,” Muslim faith, followers grew rapidly 5. building, place where Muslims worship, pilgrims pray there at Mecca 6. acts of worship, profession of faith, daily prayers 7. Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina, hijra, first year of the Islamic calendar 8. nomadic Arab peoples, small bands, moved herds between scattered oases Biography Ibn Muqlah 1. He helped standardize an Islamic calligraphy script during a time when many scripts were used and no standards existed. 2. Possible response: Consistent and legible writing would be important, and people who made books would be held in esteem and compensated well for their work. ACTIVITY Answers will vary but students might note that Islamic calligraphy should be considered an art form because it requires great skill, training, and time. Razia 1. Razia did not discriminate based on religion or racial background, and she valued other traditions besides Islam in education. 2. Razia appointed an African slave as her personal attendant. SECTION 2 Answers will vary but should include definitions of six of the following terms: Abu Bakr, caliph, caliphate, Shia, Sunnis, Umayyad, Abbasid, Harun al-Rashid, Sufis. ACTIVITY Letters will vary but should explain and defend Razia’s actions to the Council of Forty. al-Razi 1. F; Shia 2. F; Sunnis 3. Islamic group whose members seek a mystical, personal connection with God 4. clan of Mecca 5. family who wiped out almost all of the Umayyad family 6. successor 1. Some of al-Razi’s contributions include texts used in medical training and practice, stress on diet and bedside manner for physicians, and changing the practice of alchemy into the science of chemistry. 2. Possible responses: curious; intelligent; compassionate; considerate SECTION 3 ACTIVITY Charts should summarize al-Razi’s most important works. 1. calligraphy 2. astrolabe 3. Ibn Khaldun 4. d Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 9 21 Muslim Civilization Answer Key Muslim Civilization Literature History and Geography The Wonderful Bag Trade Along the Arabian Peninsula 1. Ali and the Kurd argue over ownership of a bag. They take their dispute to a judge for settlement. In the end, Ali gives up his claim to ownership. 2. Responses will vary. Students may say that Ali prefers the richness of imagination to the paltriness of reality. 1. Students will label Arabia. 2. Students will highlight the desert interior of Arabia, including the Syrian Desert, Nafud Desert, and Rub’ al-Khali. 3. Students will highlight the water areas surrounding the three sides of the Arabian Peninsula. 4. Students will trace the course of the major sea trade route. 5. Students will circle the location of Mecca. 6. The deserts located in the interior of Arabia would have made land trade routes difficult. 7. The Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean surround the Arabian Peninsula. 8. Trade moved south to southeast through the Red Sea. 9. Glass and incense were traded at Aden. 10. Porcelain, spices, beads, sugar, and textiles were brought back from India. Primary Source The Muslim Conquest of Spain 1. According to Tarik, his soldiers’ military advantages were their courage and constancy, the fear their enemies had of them, Roderick’s decision to leave his fortified city to face them on the battlefield, and the lack of direction that would prevail among the enemy troops if Roderick should fall. Tarik also describes a sense of desperation among the Arab troops that would drive them in the coming battle. 2. Tarik promises to personally lead his troops into battle, so that he will face the same danger that they will face. He assures them that their fates are linked. Tarik also vows to seek out the enemy leader to challenge him in combat. Tarik likely made these promises to inspire his soldiers and to give them a sense that they are following a strong, brave leader. 3. Possible response: That passage reveals that religion was a driving force among Muslim soldiers in the eighth century. Tarik, after glorifying God, motivates his soldiers by explaining that the primary purpose of their military campaign is to spread the one true faith into a new land. EXTENSION ACTIVITY Students should locate and label the location of Baghdad on the map. Students’ paragraphs will vary, but should note that Baghdad’s close proximity to the Persian Gulf would have encouraged the expansion of trade. Social Studies Skills Analyzing Alternative Points of View 1. There are mainly two perceptions of the religion of Islam. 2. Possible response: A second meaning of Islam is “submission.” 3. Answers will vary. Some people in the western parts of the world understand Islam as a religion of war, terrorism, chaos and disorder, while many people in the world understand it as a religion of peace. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 9 22 Muslim Civilization Answer Key Muslim Civilization Writing About History Comparing Architecture Across Cultures Student paragraphs should be evaluated using the criteria covered in the “Evaluating and Proofreading” section of the activity. Chapter Review 1. Muhammad 2. Qur’an 3. bedouins 4. Rumi 5. caliph 6. jihad 7. Shia 8. Sufis 9. Ibn Sina, or Avicenna 10. Mecca 11. b is false 12. a is false 13. a is false 14. b is false 15. b is false 16. arts and ideas 17. science and technology 18. belief systems 19. government and citizenship 20. economic systems Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 9 23 Muslim Civilization Answer Key Test Preparation 20. Essay should describe the walled city, the lavish palace with walls covered in gold and silver, the busy markets with exotic goods, the many foreigners, and the way the Mongols adopted some Chinese practices, yet lived apart from the Chinese. Chapter 9: Muslim Civilization 1. A 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. B Chapter 12: Kingdoms and Christianity 1. B 2. B 3. D 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B 18. The letter should mention that under the Abbasids Baghdad became the capital of the empire. Abbasid rulers supported scholarship that pushed art and culture to great heights. 16. Encyclopedia entry should mention that Yaroslav the Wise was leader of Kievan Rus at the height of its power and prestige. He became grand prince in 1019 and ruled until 1054. He made many improvements to Kievan Rus including hiring scribes to translate religious books into the Slavic language, starting a building program, and codifying Russian law. Although his military record was mixed he did maintain good diplomatic and trade relationships with European countries. Chapter 10: African Kingdoms 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. D 18. B Chapter 13: The Early Middle Ages 19. Essay should describe the various geographical features of Africa, including plains, plateaus, mountains, coasts, rain forests, and deserts. 1. C 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. B Chapter 11: Cultures of East Asia 1. D 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A 9. D 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. D 15. D 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. D 10. A 11. A 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. Essay should persuade the reader to agree with the statement by supporting it with examples of Charlemagne’s leadership in education, law, and government. Students should mention his influence in Europe. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 298 Teacher Management System Answer Key and math. They were among the first people to use the concept of zero. Their writing consisted of glyphs. Written records were kept in bark-paper books. A lack of prime agricultural land forced Aztec farmers to seek new ways of raising crops. They created floating gardens and used canals to ship their crops. Poor farmers made up most of Aztec society. However, in Aztec civilization, farmers could move up in class by becoming warriors or studying at special schools.Priests and warriors were members of the Aztec. The Aztec Empire was based on trade and tribute. Like the Maya, the Aztec used glyphs and developed accurate calendars. 4. Ashoka of the Maurya Empire converted to Buddhism after a bloody military campaign. After converting, Ashoka sought to improve the lives of his people. He had wells dug and roads built. He worked to spread Buddhist teachings, encouraging his people to adopt right conduct, nonviolence, and tolerance. Hinduism flourished under the Guptas. They created beautiful temples, literature and art. As taught by the Brahmins, Hinduism maintained caste and gender roles in Indian society. 5. The map illustrates how the Silk Roads and other trade routes connected India, China, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe. Traders carried goods, but also ideas. For example. Buddhism and Hinduism were carried from India by traders. HinduArabic numerals may have also been diffused via the Silk Roads or other trade routes. 4. T 5. F; The record of Muhammad’s behavior and teachings is known as the Sunna. SECTION 2 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. d SECTION 3 1. c 2. f 3. h 4. m 5. i 6. a 7. g 8. l 9. d 10. j Chapter Test, Form A 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. f 11. i 12. e 13. b 14. c 15. j 16. g 17. d 18. Qur’an 19. Muslims 20. Sunna 21. Shia 22. Abbasids 23. calligraphy 24. minarets 25. Omar Khayyam Chapter Test, Form B Possible responses: 1. Many Meccans were angered by Muhammad’s criticism of their traditional beliefs in many gods. He told them their worship of idols was sinful. Meccans involved in the pilgrimage trade were worried that Muhammad’s preaching would disrupt their business. For a time Muhammad was protected by his uncle Abu Talib, but when his uncle died he realized that he and his followers were not safe in Mecca. 2. The Five Pillars of Islam are basic acts of worship that are central to Islam and that Chapter 9: Muslim Civilization Section Quiz SECTION 1 1. T 2. T 3. F; Some Meccans were angered by his criticism of their traditional beliefs. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 370 Progress Assessment Answer Key Section Quiz Muhammad himself fulfilled. Muslims are required to fulfill the Five Pillars of Islam. The first pillar is the profession of faith. The second pillar is the performance of five daily prayers. Worshippers always face Mecca to pray. The third pillar is the giving of charity for the poor and needy. The fourth pillar is fasting from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan. The fifth pillar is undertaking a journey to Mecca, or the hajj. 3. In general, Muslims allowed considerable religious freedom. Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their religion. However non-Muslims had to pay taxes and had some restrictions on their lives. 4. A man was the head of the family. Men could marry several wives, but were supposed to treat them all equally. Islamic law protected the rights of women and children. According to the Qur’an women are equal to men before Allah. In early Muslim communities women played key roles. Under the Abbasid dynasty women lost status. 5. Learning and scholarship in Muslim civilization were highly valued. Muslim scholars translated many ancient texts into Arabic. Scholars studied astronomy and improved the astrolabe. Muslim thinkers developed algebra and trigonometry. Medicine was highly developed in the Muslim world. Doctors had to pass rigorous tests. Because of the importance of Mecca, geographers wrote travel guides describing the journey to Mecca. Other contributions include history, music, logic, and philosophy. 6. Between 662 and 750 Islam spread west across northern Africa and into Spain, and east into parts of India and Asia, including the cities of Kabul and Samarqand. 7. Islamic lands touch the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia. SECTION 1 1. three 2. Sahara 3. Sahel 4. savanna 5. parasites 6. pastoralism 7. age-sets 8. griots 9. Iron 10. Bantu SECTION 2 1. i 2. a 3. m 4. b 5. k 6. d 7. g 8. f 9. h 10. j SECTION 3 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F; By the 1460s the rulers of Songhai had become strong and rich enough to take control of the former empire of Mali. 5. F; Askia Muhammad was a strong leader who is credited with being the first Muslim ruler of Songhai. Chapter Test, Form A 1. b 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. C 9. Sahara 10. savanna 11. age-sets 12. Nok 13. Ge’ez 14. Solomonid 15. camels 16. Sundiata 17. Askia Muhammad 18. T 19. F 20. F 21. F 22. T 23. T 24. F 25. T Chapter Test, Form B Possible responses: 1. Tropical rain forests lie near the equator and on Madagascar, an island off the southeast coast. The hot and humid climate supports a broad range of plant Chapter 10: African Kingdoms Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 371 Progress Assessment