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Transcript
AP Environmental Science Mid-Term Examination Study Guide 2011-2012 Part I Multiple Choice The multiple choice section consists of 100 multiple-choice questions that are designed to cover the breadth of your understanding of environmental science. You are not permitted to use a calculator on this exam!! For success on the multiple-choice, review the following topics: Intro to Environmental Science—Be familiar with the following term and concepts: ? nonpoint vs. point sources of pollution ? biodegradability ? 1st law of energy ? 2nd law of energy—energy degraded to low-quality heat ? negative and positive feedback loops ? synergism ? definition of environmental science ? tragedy of the commons ? precautionary principle Biogeochemical Cycles (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Carbon, Sulfur, Hydrologic) ? for each cycle, know the major sources and sinks of the nutrient, know the transformations of the chemicals throughout the cycles including states of matter ? nitrogen cycle—know conversions of nitrogen and role of bacteria in each step (nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification) ? phosphorus cycle—limiting factor for plant growth ? carbon cycle—biotic (photosynthesis and respiration) and abiotic portions of the cycle ? water cycle—evaporation and transpiration, runoff, and groundwater recharge ? human alterations of the cycles—know ways that humans interfere with each of the cycles and the environmental consequences Soil Characteristics ? sand vs. silt vs. clay—infiltration, permeability, workability, percolation, infiltration, particle size, soil texture classes ? soil profiles and soil horizons—know the generalized horizons in a soil profile ? soil descriptions and biomes—know the description of each type of soil--desert soil, rainforest soil, grassland soil, temperate deciduous forest soil, pine forest soil ? fertilizers—what are the macronutrients in commercially available fertilizers, what are the problems associated with the use of fertilizers ? inorganic vs organic fertilizers—know the pros and cons of both types ? methods to protect soils (soil erosion, soil fertility, soil salinization) ? leaching—what does leaching refer to? what problems can arise as a result of nutrient leaching? ? pH – problems associated with high/low pH ? physical characteristics of soils such as soil texture class, waterholding capacity, infiltration rate ? chemical characteristics of soils such as pH, nitrate levels, phosphate levels, cation exchange capacity, reserve acidity ? cation exchange capacity—be familiar with the process and how it relates to soil fertility ? oxidation-reduction reactions in soil—know transformation of iron in soil and implications for determining whether or not a soil is frequently flooded Principles of Ecology ? energy flows (one-way), nutrients cycle ? species interactions--commensalism; parasitism; mutualism; predation; competition ? primary succession vs. secondary succession—primary succession occurs in barren, rocky areas and secondary succession occurs in places with soil ? net primary productivity— is usually reported as the energy output of a specified area of producers over a given time ? NPP and ecosystems—overall NPP vs. average NPP ? introduced species and their effects on ecosystems ? role of species in ecosystems—native, nonnative, indicator, keystone ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ecosystem structure—biotic vs. abiotic factors limiting factors in ecosystems carrying capacity biotic potential K-strategists vs. r-strategists food chains and food webs; trophic levels and ecological efficiency (generally 10%, energy is degraded to lower quality heat from level to level) implications of ecological efficiency for the human diet (eating lower on the food chain produces greatest number of calories for human consumption) pyramids of energy, biomass, numbers density-dependent and density-independent factors on population growth survival curves-early-loss, constant-loss, and late-loss compare immature vs. mature ecosystems (species diversity, NPP, efficiency of nutrient cycling, efficiency of photosynthesis, ecological niches) bioaccumulation and biomagnification cultural eutrophication—know how it occurs and the major nutrients involved, know methods used to remedy or prevent cultural eutrophication and its side effects maintaining biodiversity—what are the best long term methods to prevent extinctions and preserve biodiversity methods to assess biodiversity—species richness, biodiversity indices characteristics of threatened and endangered species laws to protect species such as ESA, CITES, etc. biomes—what factors determine biomes (climate, temperature, precipitation) Human Population Dynamics ? population demographics—more developed (MDCs) vs. less developed countries (LDCs) ? population momentum of less developed nations—what are the implications? ? environmental impacts of population growth ? demographic transition model—know what changes occurs to birth and death rates in each stage of the model; know the factors that ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? account for these changes; know when the greatest population growth occurs total fertility rate—what is TFR? what happens to TFR as a society progresses through the demographic transition? replacement level fertility—MDCs vs LDCs, what is the relationship between RLF and other demographic indicators such as infant mortality rate population pyramids—know the general shape of pyramids for rapid growth, slow growth, zero growth and negative growth; know the growth rate ranges for each type of pyramid know demographic indicators of overall health in a country or region know how economic growth is measured in a country rule of 70 (70/rate = doubling time) Rate of natural increase (RNI) % = (CBR-CDR)/ 10 be prepared to do simple calculations without a calculator!! Pesticides and Pest Control ? know the following terms—parasite, vector, pathogenic organism, host ? malaria and DDT ? classes of pesticides—know the major classes and characteristics of each such as persistence in the environment and soil, ability to biomagnify ? biological control of pests ? Integrated Pest Management ? LD 50 ? pesticide treadmill—be able to identify illustrations of the pesticide treadmill Food Resources and Agriculture ? global fisheries—know the factors that impact the global fish catch ? global fisheries—be familiar with the pros and cons of various fishing techniques such as trawling, use of drift nets, long lining, purse seining and fish farming ? aquaculture—what are the pros and cons of farm-raised fish ? laws to protect marine species ? methods to minimize/prevent soil erosion ? methods to minimize/prevent/remediate soil salinization ? ? ? ? ? ? meat vs. grain production—what are ecological advantages and disadvantage? what are the implications for human health/ types of agriculture—traditional-subsistence, traditional-intensive, industrialized major agricultural crops worldwide factors that contribute to rise in world hunger advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops green revolution—what are the fundamental characteristics of the green revolution in food resources Part 2 Free-Response Questions The free-response section emphasizes the application of environmental principles in greater detail. Two free-response questions are included in this section. You will take FRQs in class on Monday, 1/23/12 and Tuesday, 1/24/12.