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CHAPTER 6
ETRUSCAN ART & ROMAN ART
ANALYSIS PACKET
DIRECTIONS: Use the attached worksheets to record information from the reading homework
assignments. On the due date, present each assigned analysis worksheet to Mrs. Lawson
for a Reading-check grade. Add information from class discussion to the worksheets or
attach notes taken in class. Upon completion of the chapter, place analysis packet into the
turn-in drawer for a completed-packet grade.
Architecture
Free-Standing Sculpture
Architectural & Relief Sculpture
Painting
EXAM STRATEGY:
*The AP Art History exam places significant emphasis on Roman art, sculpture, & architecture. Most exams contain
between four and six multiple-choice questions, a slide-based multiple-choice question or a short essay question. The
emphasis on Roman art has been especially strong since 2001. Between 2001 & 2006 each exam included either a slide-based
multiple-choice question or a short essay. In addition, Roman works of art can often be used as illustrative examples for one
or both of the long essay questions.
*From: AP art History, Chmiel & Krieger, Research & Education Association, 2007
Key Concepts
 Roman engineering
Roman engineers—(primarily military) made great advances in construction techniques. The use of concrete and true
arches and vaults is a hallmark of Roman construction, and a departure from previous architecture. The variety of
architectural structures in this chapter presents the challenge of identifying various types and explaining their uses.
Domestic buildings, public buildings, monuments such as triumphal arches, and temples all appear in different forms,
and show an evolution over time.
 Adoption of Greek styles
A major theme is the dichotomy between Roman inventiveness and Roman adoption of Greek styles in the arts. The
borrowing of Greek ideas can be traced to the Hellenistic period of Alexander the Great and shows up in Virgil's
Aenead and Roman myths, as well as in the material arts.
 The spread of Roman art
The Roman conquest and colonization of much of Europe and the Mediterranean world explains the existence of
Roman ruins in countries such as France and England and the spread of classical styles throughout what was then the
known world. This dissemination of Roman ideas will have an impact on art during the Middle Ages, especially in
the Carolingian Renaissance, or the Romanesque period.
 Art as Propaganda
THE ETRUSCANS
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Origins= little is known - little survived - May have come from Turkey around 800 BCE / Civilization peaked in 6 th
century (Greek Archaic period) => Romans take over by 3 rd century / Language not fully deciphered – alphabet
derived from Greek-but unique / No literature survives– just short inscriptions = not deciphered / Bilingual
inscriptions have been found with Greek literature
 Rome - Start of Rome’s growing power in central *Italy= mud brick huts / Etruscan & Greek farmers & shepherds =>
Latins / On the trade route-> traded bronze household utensils for vases (tomb) / Greek Heroes & gods incorporated
=> reflect Greek influence / Exception -women better educated & more conspicuous
Political & Economic organization
 Individual kingdoms not unified / Stratified social organization-kings, magistrates, aristocratic clans, serfs
 Wealth from mining = Noted for metal workers & sailors => traded with the Greek & Phoenicians
 Major cities = Veii / Caere / Tarquinia/ Vulci
 Towns well planned on grid with 2 main streets creating 4 sections -Intersection = business centers / Most cities were
surrounded by walls with gates & towers / buildings added as town grew
Art & Architecture
 Modified Greek plan with a podium- inspired by Greek = copy exactly => assimilated & combined with their own style
Architecture-- Axial plan – low-pitched roof, triple-cellae, & portico– Rounded arch = used by Near East / Greek / Egyptians
= (Romans were the first to make wide spread use of it)– Barrel vault used as passage way-See arch-vault-dome
information on page 226-Double row of voussoirs with horizontal decorative frame => entablature => Decorative design
on post & lintel gates
Tombs – rock-cut & tumulus types =>Necropolis = “city of the dead” = meant for families-thought of tombs as
homes for the dead-Cemetery was laid out like small towns with streets between grave mounds-Partially below
ground = round tomb with under ground chamber -Roofed over (corbel vaulting) & covered with dirt & stone
Sculpture- dependent upon Greek art for subjects & compositions-behind Greek styles by 25 years / emphasized realism
(naturalism) more than idealism / more animated, bodies unarticulated or inaccurately represented, heads too small,
faces = Archaic smile, detailing very precise / Purpose = free standing figures (acroteria) / portraits of deceased in
bronze & terracotta, canopic urns (cremated ashes) / sarcophagi (terracotta & limestone coffins – marble not used) /
terracotta used for reliefs, free-standing figures, urns, and sarcophagi, bronze used for hollow-cast statues (lost-wax
process) / modeling techniques preferred over carving, carving & incising used for details, paint applied / most found
in temples & tombs, size from small to life-size
Painting- Only tomb wall painting survives / colorful, movement & action, subject = genre / dancing & banquet scenes /
hunting, fishing & sports / duplication of domestic interior decoration, demons & symbols of death /-Tempera on dry
stone walls, dry fresco & true fresco on plaster walls / outlines incised in stone surfaces, then color applied / -Shapes
defined by heavy, unmodulated black outlines, filled in with flat color (end of era-shading appeared in imitation of
Hellenistic painting)
ROMAN BACKGROUND
REPUBLICAN PERIOD -The Republic- Julius Caesar to beginning of Octavius c. 509-27 BCE
ROME- with expulsion of the Etruscan Kings in 509 BCE the Romans began a gradual development & consolidation of power
that would eventually make Rome the center of the world’s largest empire.
 509 BCE founded by Romulus “Legend”
 site on 7 hills
 society 3 classes of people
-patricians = wealthy
-plebeian = lower class
-slaves – no class
 created a system of roads & communication
 spread language & custom through conquest & colonization
 Acquisition of much wealth => leads to disputes between 2 classes => 100 year war
Religion => pantheon of gods – eventually equated to Greek
 most myths =. Gods not Heroes
Conquests / Colonies - during the Republic period, Rome conquered almost all of Italy by 265 BCE
-Roman colonies established throughout Italy
-Rome linked the colonies and other important sites with roads
-Eventually all the free-people of Italy were given the status of Roman citizen and were generally exempt
from taxes (money came from conquered territories)
 Romans established colonies of Roman citizens at strategic locations throughout Italy and other regions (Spain, Africa,
Gaul) / colonies were mostly trade centers, with some military purposes
 Colonies established by treaty/ treaties required that the territory "have the same friends and enemies as the Roman
people" and to send troops whenever called upon to do so / remaining customs and laws of the territory were left largely
intact
 Cultural background for Rome =>Adoption of Greek culture / Romans placed great emphasis on practicality, whereas
the Greeks sought the underlying Idea (often of intellectual value) / Greek alphabet adopted with some changes in the
letters to make them easier to write (Roman style is the most common computer font) / Translated Greek texts into Latin /
Invented many Latin words to convey the Greek thoughts / Made the Greek works accessible in both language and lack
of complexity / Proposed that we know when we are doing right or wrong and should simply follow our instinct / This
view is sometimes called the "macrocosm-microcosm analogy"
 The republican Romans considered the life-style of the Greeks to be decadent
Economics of the Empire = Extremes of wealth & poverty (never before known) resulted from the creation of the empire
 Initially the land area of Rome was far too small to support the population and so farmers were needed and well respected
/ almost everyone had a small plot of land which they worked to try and alleviate the food shortage / The acquisition of
wheat and other foods became a priority of the state / With the victory over Carthage, major wheat growing areas were
obtained and the region around Rome became more profitable as a cattle area
 Rome became a consumer and had a very poor balance of trade because it produced very little / Trading profits became
enormous and many Romans became rich
1.
Lavish homes, both in Rome and in summer retreats (such as Pompeii)
2.
Elaborate feasts with expensive and exotic drinks and foods (nightingale tongue, mouse roasted in honey)
3.
Copies of Grecian art
4.
Statues of themselves (look like them rather than the generic look of Greek)
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Status of women - Because of the absence of men to wars, women gained great economic power, but senate
conservatives wrote laws restricting the ability of women to show their economic power or change the traditional
view as wife and housekeeper / Women demanded and received a greater ability to divorce and to retain property but
this resulted in marriages becoming increasing political or economic and morals generally eroded
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Slavery - Conquests vastly increased the number and availability of slaves / constituted 40% of the population of
Rome / conditions for the slaves were generally very poor and especially so on the cattle farms owned
by absentee patricians / fear of a slave uprising
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Change in the constitutional process into rule by oligarchy / main institutional instrument was the senate / numbered
300 until reforms increased the number to 600 / Senators were mainly landed aristocracy / Senate controlled by 20
families whose families had tremendous networks of influence and from whom the consuls were chosen
-Two parties emerged within the senate
-Optimates were those who wanted the power of the senate to remain
-Populares (demagogues) wanted the power to shift to the other branches of government so that the plebs
would be mollified and some who simply saw this path as a way to get power
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Violence became a common method of eliminating one's foes and imposing one's will on the city
Julius Caesar (100-44 BC)
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Born to a aristocratic family of minor power and influence / Legend from his father and mother indicated that he was
descended from the gods (Caesar was taken from an incision in his mother's belly, thus giving the name for Caesarian
sections) / Known for his partying ways and sexual appetite
Politics -Caesar was appointed as a governor of a minor territory in Spain / became influential in the Populares (the
party that favored giving the plebs more power) / The Optimates were under the control of Cicero (the great orator)
and Cato the younger and they favored keeping power in the patricians' hands (senate)
Caesar by-passed the senate and introduced a bill into the citizens' council that the citizens' council could elect the
chief magistrate / Caesar elected to the chief magistrate position / Used the position to gain favor with the people /
Becomes Dictator (rule by one man) -Initially appointed for one year and then for life
Killed by senatorial opponents on March 15, 44 BC in the senate chamber -stabbed by 20 senators
Mark Anthony rallied popular opinion against the conspirators / Caesar deified
Octavian accepted senate (Optimates) support as Caesar's successor (he was Caesar's adopted son) but then switched
and joined Mark Anthony to defeat the conspirators (at Phillipi) / Mark Anthony & Cleopatra later defeated at
Actium by Octavian's fleet
Republican Period Art--early (first) strong Etruscan influence / Greek influence came later when Rome conquered
Greece / creates combination – GRECO-ROMAN style from Hellenistic Greece /idealism combined with Roman
interest in portraits /professional artist – thought of as skilled laborers / Romans conquered Greeks militarily / Greeks
conquered Romans artistically & culturally / Imported Greek vases / marble & bronze statuary / Greek artists were
put to work copying original artworks / Roman art emphasis & focused on art
 Great size
 Practical
 Realistic (people, places, of the times)
Architecture and engineering =Romans saw little difference between architecture & engineering and taught them together / In
Roman textbooks, construction was placed alongside studies on hydraulic systems, city planning, and mechanical
devices / Modern architecture is largely still dependent on these engineering principles
Concrete -Discovery of concrete made the erection of major structures much easier / Roman concrete consisted of
powdered lime, volcanic sand, and various types of rubble (small rocks, broken pottery, etc.) which were mixed
with water causing a chemical reaction that hardened the mass together / Concrete structures were faced with a
stone or marble veneer (for beauty & to avoid excessive moisture absorption) / Allowed erection of the dome =>
Permitting much wider spans than could be done with stones / Eliminated the cost and difficulty of quarrying stones
and transporting them / Romans still used large stones and minimal concrete for many buildings and roads when
they were readily available
Arches -Originally developed by the Etruscans => replaced the post & lintel construction used by the Greeks & Egyptians /
was supported by wooden framework until completed and mortar had dried / Roman Adaptations of the arch:
-Back-to-back to form the barrel vault (tunnel)
-At right angles to form the cross or groined vault
-Around a central point to form the dome
Architecture- two major building types begun in Republican Period- Temples & houses / media & techniques = travertine
limestone & tufa for foundations & facings of building / concrete discovered/improved & used for walls, vaults,
domes / use of arch & vault in combination with concrete led to vast increases in the strength & size of structures
Design = axial alignment (symmetrical)
Temples = rectangular & circular plans / combine Etruscan & Greek with new Roman innovations:
Etruscan elements= emphasis on façade, shallow porches & cellae, podium, steps, & blank sides, emphasis
on axial alignment, triple cellae for triad of gods, deep overhanging cornices, no pedimental
sculpture
Greek elements= basics of rectangular & tholos plans, use of three Greek orders for exterior decoration,
engaged columns & pilasters in imitation of Greek peripteral temples
Roman elements= concrete cores faced with veneers of brick or stone, use of vaulted or domed ceilings,
inscriptions on the pediments, garland & bucrania frieze decoration in stucco, temples generally
situated in the center of cities
Houses = basic form originated with Etruscans, corridor from street entrance to central atrium, atrium flanked by
rectangular sleeping & living rooms / refinements developed by Romans = tablinium (reception hall)
opposite the entrance side of the atrium / Peristyle court surrounding garden on the far side of the
tablinium, other rooms radiated room the sides of the peristyle court
Sculpture- synthesized developments of Greek & Etruscan sculpture & added elements to produce a unique art style / subject
(introduced during the Republican Period) => portrait busts of ancestors & rulers / copies & adaptations of Greek
originals / wholesale import (& plunder) of Greek originals / media & techniques = marble & bronze / copies of
Greek originals often adaptations (faces more realistic, poses more forceful, bracing added for added strength when
bronze originals were copied in marble / sculptors had great ability to render textures, surfaces, & details /
Portraiture emphasized direct, forceful images / emphasis on realistic portrayal of individuals, not idealization of
types of faces or figures / Verism (extreme realism) of portraits developed from ancestor worship & keeping of wax
images of the dead / preference for portrait busts (rather than full figure) influenced by Etruscan prototypes (canopic
urns) & wax masks
Painting- wall paintings (public buildings & houses), panel paintings (houses) / Illusionistic effects established foundations of
later western painting / religious & secular (decorative) subject matter (landscapes, cityscapes, genre, still-life) / true
fresco on wet plastered walls, tempera on wood panels (small portable), encaustic on wood panels (mummy-portraits)
/ design= development of 4 styles during the Republic & Early Empire (most information comes from Pompeii):
 1st style – Masonry style = imitates costly marble panels using painted stucco relief
 2nd style – Architectonic/architectural style = elements (columns, entablatures, balconies) painted
illusionistically - replace walls with the illusion of 3-D space/scenes between (view through window)/
shading & modulation of color / sculptural figures & objects
 3rd style – Ornate style = elegance & fantasy = depicts fanciful architectural elements with small
scenes/ arranged like framed pictures hung on walls
 4th style—Intricate style = reveals the most illusionistic & imaginative architectural & landscape vistas /
elements from previous styles combined / aerial views included in architectural settings
Characteristics: Shading of forms from light to dark, modulation of color within forms, diminution of size from
foreground to background, foreshortening of forms & figures, directed lighting (forms cast shadow),
atmospheric perspective (bluer & fuzzier in distance), herring bone perspective (multiple view points &
vanishing points)
THE EMPIRE - The Empire- Caesar Augustus (Octavius)- Pax Romana 27 BCE-476 CE
Caesar Augustus (63 BC-14 AD)
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Octavian winner of the 18 years of civil war following the death of Julius Caesar / given the name Augustus by
the Senate - plans to return to the Republic ideals=> Actual Octavian government created important Roman
Law / becomes basis of western laws today
 Added to the existing road system -many still seen today - 53,000 miles of paved road
 Established an effective postal system and other normal city infrastructure departments (police, fire, trash
removal, etc.)
 Maintained a standard currency system / Single currency over the entire empire which today consists of parts
of 40 nations
 Improved harbors
 Military- reduced the size of the army but created a permanent, professional army of the best soldiers and a
permanent navy =>Territorial expansion /Purpose of expansion was really to consolidate boundaries and
ensure the peace
 Pax Romana ensued because Rome stopped seeking territories but was so strong that no one else could seek
them either / 60 million people were largely in peace for more than 400 years
Succession => Augustus had no male heir = adopted a nephew, Tiberius, as designated heir / The transition of
leadership to Tiberius was smooth = Transitions of leadership for the next 200 years were smooth / This
stability occurred in spite of the succession of some inept (crazy) emperors (compare to the presidency of the
United States where the office of the Presidency is stable in spite of poor individual presidents) Emperors who
succeeded Augustus for 50 years were members of either the Julio or the Claudian families
 5 good emperors plus the son of Marcus Aurelius (who was not good) -Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pous, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus = none were power-hungry autocrats (except Commodus) / Maintained the
facade of constitutionality but the power in the empire became ever more focused in the emperor as much
because of the growth of the administration of such a large empire as it was from their trying to consolidate
power
Life in the Empire
Rome - Population between 500,000 and 700,000
 Many beautiful palaces and villas /only the rich had these nice villas and many had country estates (such as
Pompeii) / Most poor and even some middle class people lived in ramshackle houses
 Statues and arches = statues built larger than life size / Generals building triumphal arches to commemorate
their great victories for many years
 Starvation constant problem =agriculture in Italy was not able to support its population and food had to be
imported from Egypt and Europe (this was a major reason for the conquering of those territories) / Poor people
were given free food
 Extravagant entertainment / Gladiators (during Trajan's time the gladiator games went on for 123 straight days
and over 5,000 humans and 11,000 animals were killed) / Chariot races (red, white, green, blue teams) /
Animal massacres
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Prosperity came through trade and population expansion / Pirates eliminated by the Roman navy / Roads and
trading centers important / Manufacturing became very important - Pottery in Italy, then Gaul and Germany Glass making in Italy, then Lyon and Cologne - Bronze and brass goods in Gaul / Trade with China developed
through Iran and this was the cause of conquest of Mesopotamia as the last Roman territory to be added to the
empire
Inflation was rampant =money was cheapened until the amount of silver was almost nothing / People lost faith
in the currency and they looked to other currencies being developed within and outside the empire
Persecution of minorities (Christians)
Romans preoccupied with health, diet and exercise
Highly materialistic /People made reputations by spending more than their neighbors /Borrowing to acquire
goods was rampant /Bankruptcy tolerated
Excited by travel, news and entertainment /Theaters and circuses in every major city / themes were about
faraway placed and exotic lifestyles
Fascinated by fame and didn't care how it was acquired
Success was gauged by power today with little thought to tomorrow
Vanity, greed and pride were common and accepted
Lost the desire for the values on which the Republic was founded
ART OF THE EMPIRE
Architecture- public, non-religious structures most innovative (houses & temples continued traditionally) / marble used in
addition to travertine & tufa as facing for buildings with concrete cores / structures become larger in all dimensions as
Roman arch & vault technology increased / concentrated on the creation & organization of interior space / orders of
architecture expanded from 3 to 5 =Tuscan (Greek Doric with a base added to the column, shorter unfluted shaft) &
Composite (Ionic & Corinthian combined / orders with arches used decoratively before 125 BCE, structurally with
supporting arches after / barrel vaults used to roof rectangular spaces / groin vaults used over square or rectangular
spaces where light & circulation of traffic were needed / domes of cast concrete covered circular structures –
coffering was used to reinforce the shell of the dome & lessen the weight / rustication used for emphasis of the
utilitarian nature (aqueducts & gateways)
Types: Apartment houses (insulae)-4 to 6 story, blockish structures for urban housing of lower classes / bridges &
aqueducts –relied on arch & concrete construction to span large openings of great height, repetition & modulation of
arch sizes enhanced aesthetic quality / amphitheaters (combined 2 theaters) & theaters –made possible by use of
barrel & groin vaults, exteriors decorated with Roman orders / baths (thermae) –constructed as recreation centers
equipped with baths, swimming pool, exercise rooms, & libraries; barrel & groin vaults, buttressed by thick massive
walls enclosed large open spaces / basilicae (government centers) –administrative centers, court housed, & halls of
records; rectangular structures with a central nave & two side isles; colonnades separated naves from aisles; semicircular niches (apses) enclosed both ends / triumphal arches –commemorative structures, built with one or three
openings & surface decoration in the Roman orders
Sculpture- Subjects introduced during the Empire Period: official portraits of rulers –orator (addressing the people),
equestrian statue (leader on horseback), leader as pontifex maximus (priests) or as god / relief sculpture of actual or
mythological events on triumphal arches, commemorative columns, sarcophagi / media & techniques = marble &
bronze, Early Empire Period considered technical peak, quality & workmanship declined during Late Empire Periodworks mass produced, quickly executed, forms & details roughed in gouges & drills, not polished & finished
carefully / public images conveyed the “message” of Rome / official portraiture less realistic (naturalistic), more
idealistic / Early Empire figures continued Greek proportions-Late Empire figures became shorter, shorthand was
used to imply figures & settings (head cluster represented a crowd, city gate represented entire city), reliefs
concentrated on real events & images / found in both public & private buildings / most life-size or larger
Mosaics used extensively on the floors of public buildings & houses / geometric & floral patterns, figural scenes from
mythology, history, & genre / tesserae (flat pieces of stone) laid in bed of cement / very small pieces used during
Republic & Early Empire, larger pieces used during Late Empire / early = illusionistic, imitating wall painting, later
less detailed & illusionistic / 2 styles = silhouette (only black & white), polychrome (many different colors)
Diocletian (r. 284-305 AD) -Divided the empire into eastern and western halves (to better administer it)
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Ravenna & Constantinople
Ruled by decree as few Roman emperors before him /strong general who had support of the army /used strength to
impose his will on all governmental agencies / Diocletian called himself Dominus (Lord) to signify that he was even
higher than the Cesar
Divided the empire into eastern and western halves (to better administer it)
-West =>Centered at Rome / Spoke Latin as the dominant language /under control of a trusted friend, Maximian
-East =>Centered at Byzantium / spoke Greek as the dominant language / under direct control of Diocletian who was
still in charge of all (Dominus) / Appointed a sub-ruler who was called Caesar (located in Antioch) -kept Constantans'
son (Constantine) in his court as a hostage to ensure loyalty
The combination of Diocletian, Maximian, and the two Caesars was called the tetrarchy
Constantine (r. 306-337 AD) – became emperor in the west- made Christianity legal - Edict of Milan
(by Constantine and Licinius)
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Constantine's father (Constantius, one of the tetrarchy) succeeded Maximian as Augustus in the west /Constantine
succeeded his father and became one of 7 claimants /fought wars to decide who would emerge as the emperor /
Constantine saw a vision of a burning Christian symbol (chi-rho) in the sky on the night before the battle in which he
was told that he should fight under that sign (Christianity) / Constantine marked all of his soldiers' shields with chi and
rho, the first two letters of Christ's name in Latin ( and ) / Constantine became emperor in the west / Licinius (an ally of
Constantine's) became emperor in the east / Constantine and Licinius ruled jointly for about 10 years and then
Constantine took over total control through warfare with Licinius
Acceptance of Christianity - Edict of Milan (by Constantine and Licinius) gave freedom of worship and equal rights to
all people and religions in the empire / Constantine personally favored Christianity / Donated large tracts of land and
money to Christianity / Returned Christian property that had been seized during the time of Diocletian /Built a church
on top of St. Peter's tomb on Vatican Hill which was one of the principle churches of Christianity until the Renaissance /
Sought to unify doctrine by convening the Nicean council (325 AD)
Construction of Constantinople => Built on the site of Byzantium-Much easier to defend than Rome / Christianity
more widespread in the east than in the west and Constantinople was to be a Christian city
Post-Constantine period (r. 337-476 AD)
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Constantine's sons succeeded him but were inept and fought among themselves / Most of the other succeeding emperors
were weak and unable to control their territory / empire was alternately split and united with the relative strength of the
emperors / army was mostly deployed along the frontiers and was moved around as the need arose because of the
pressure of invasions from outside forces
Ravenna
 Rome was full of crime, decayed morals, etc. / The capital of the west was moved to Ravenna (402-476 AD), a seaport
just south of Venice / Persians (Parthians) -Attacked the eastern provinces (in Mesopotamia) /
 Huns- Terrifying warriors who only wanted to raid and destroy and were feared by both the Romans and the Germans Huns defeated in 451 AD by a combined army of the Romans and the displaced Germans who were under Roman
leadership (essentially acting as mercenaries) /
 Barbarians (illiterate and non-urban) / Crossed the Rhine and Danube and settled on Roman land because of pressure
from the Huns (when the Huns first invaded Eastern Europe) / Huns of central Asia moved to the west, eventually
reaching Europe's eastern frontier and displacing Germanic tribes toward the west (especially the Goths and the
Vandals) -Goths split into two groups -- Ostrogoths (stayed in Eastern Europe for a period) the Visigoths (moved into
Dacia, Romania) / Barbarians were allowed to live on Roman land for taxes and army support /The corrupt local Roman
officials tried to tax the Visigoths heavily but would not let the barbarians till the land /
 The Visigoths revolted and began to conquer, as much to live as to gain land / Visigoths (under Alaric) defeated the
Roman army in a series of battles along the Danube region (Dacia / When Theodosius died (395), the Visigoths
expanded beyond their small territory and moved into western Italy, becoming the first to sack Rome (410 AD)
 Vandals -Reached Rome in 455 AD and sacked it with even greater thoroughness than the Visigoths / Roman emperor
of the west remained in Ravenna and was nominally still in control of the west / Vandals maintained control of the city
of Rome until 533 when they were defeated by the Byzantines in both Italy and Africa
 Ostrogoth -Moved slowly toward Italy after the Huns lost power and became mercenaries of the Romans /Odoacer was
proclaimed emperor by his troops but was never recognized by the emperor of the east /This was the effective end of
the Western Roman Empire being ruled by Romans (date: 476 A.D.)
 Ravenna churches built /Mosaics (gold leaf and other colors to glass and then covering with another layer of glass)
became a principle art form in Ravenna /The play of light off the small pieces gives a shimmering effect /Ended state
subsidies to the church yet protected the church's lands and methods of worship /Protected the Jews when they were
attacked by Christian zealots in Italy
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The Byzantine emperor (Justinian) used this occurrence as an excuse to invade Ravenna / the eastern part of the Roman
Empire was not conquered. It survived for another 1000 years as the Byzantine Empire. /The fall of the Roman empire
traditionally marks the end of the period of antiquity
Key Words and Terms
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apse
rotunda
trompe l'oeil
lintels
round arch
keystone
triglyph
pier
springing
bay
drum
dado
circus
veneered
cella
forum
catacomb
molding
trophy
cartouche
undercut
still life
clerestory
coffers
buttress
diptych
barrel vault
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atrium
voussoir
pilaster
podium
extrados
arcade
dome
plinth
basilica
concrete
axial
pseudo-peripteral
swags
apotheosis
attic story
menorah
filigree
hypogeum
verism
acanthus
intuitive perspective
drillwork
tondo
hypostyle hall
broken pediment
entablature
votive
buttressing
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engaged
agora
cubicula
meander
cameo
triumphal arch
egg-and-dart
atmospheric
perspective
oculus
nave
jamb
roundel
prostyle
centering
spandrel
cross vault
Tuscan order
sarcophagus
aqueduct
tholos
peripteral
composite order
cornice
stadium
exedrae
imposts
groin vault
Directions: Read assigned pages. Collect data on the following art & architecture. Note: Check the beginning of the chapter
& period headings for historical & cultural information. Complete each section with relevant information for full credit.
ARCHITECTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 1
CRITERIA:
Porta Augusta, pgs 223-233
(Architect if Known)
Sanctuary of Fortuna,
pg 233-236
Early Republican Period,
c 100 BCE, Palestrina
Artistic Time Period /
Date / Orig. Location
Etruscan, 2nd Century BCE,
Perugia
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-PoliticalEconomic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Political & Economic organization /
Individual kingdoms not unified /
Stratified social organization-kings,
magistrates, aristocratic clans,
serfs/Wealth from mining = Noted
metal workers & sailors => traded with
the Greek & Phoenicians / Major cities
= Veii / Caere / Tarquinia/ Vulci /
Towns well planned on grid with 2
main streets creating 4 sections Intersection was business centers /
Most cities were surrounded by walls
with gates & towers / Buildings were
added as town grew
Stone - barrel vault, decorative post &
lintel design/
Patrons of the Roman Republic’s great
temples & sanctuaries were in almost
all cases men from old & distinguished
families / often victorious generals who
used the spoils of war to finance public
works
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism /
Iconography
Patron / Audience
City gate
Sanctuary dedicated to the goddess of
fortune & chance
Formalism (visual):
Orientation / Form / Plan
Principles & Elements of
Design
Exterior
One of a few surviving examples of
Etruscan architecture /Features –
rounded arch = used by Near East /
Greek / Egyptians = Romans were the
first to make wide spread use of it
/Feature – barrel vault used as passage
way
Incorporates many new features that
will be come typical in Rome - Most
innovative use of concrete during the
Republican period- Large scale –
spread out over several terraces leading
up to a tholos at the peak of an
ascending triangle  reflects Romans
love for Greek design/ Converted the
hill itself into architecture – Greek
practice was to crown a hill/ axial plan
Decorative design on post & lintel gate/
Double row of voussoirs with
horizontal decorative frame =>
entablature
Contrast of straight vs. curved /
columns vs. arcades/ Multi-unit / multilevel architecture = very complicated/
Concrete vaults lined with fist-sized
stones
Influenced by Hellenistic architecture
Included ½ circle niches= exedrae
Contains small Etruscan style temple
Relationship to site=
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process /
Terms
-Decoration
-Axis
Interior Organization /
Scale/Size/Proportion
Space / Light
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality of
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Temple dedicated to Portunus,
pg 238
Republican Period
Concrete—arch / barrel vault  make
it possible to span large spaces
Concrete covered with stucco & veneer
of brick or stone
Combines Etruscan & Greek elements
– high podium accessible only at the
front – freestanding Ionic columns
support Ionic frieze & pediment –
Roman added engaged half-columns on
sides & back of cella (no support) –
solid wall (concrete)
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Tomb, pg 229-231
Mason Carree, pg 242
ARCHITECTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 2
CRITERIA:
(Architect if Known)
Artistic Time Period /
Date / Orig. Location
House of the Silver Wedding,
Atrium, pg 238-241
Republican Period
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-Political-Economic
Patron-Architect
(relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site=
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process /
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Orientation / Form / Plan
Principles & Elements of
Design
Exterior
Pont du Gard, pg 241-243
Republican Period, Late 1st
Century BCE, Nines, France
Example of Roman rapid
expansion=>focus on expansion abroad
& the consolidation of imperial power
in the Western world / Roman City Life
– including Pompeii: Temples &
government building surrounded a main
square – forum / Paved streets lined
with shops & houses /Enclosed by a
protective wall with fortified gates
/Business was conducted in its basilicas
& pavilions /Religious duties
performed in its temples /Speeches
presented in its open square /
succession of wars= developed Roman
military characteristics- disciplined
valor, tenacity, practicality, obedience
to authority, obedience to authority
stone/ concrete/constructed of precisely
cut stones from a nearby quarry
Conquests / Colonies - during the
Republic period, Rome conquered
almost all of Italy by 265 BCE-Roman
colonies established throughout Italy
-Rome linked the colonies and other
important sites with roads
-Eventually all the free-people of Italy
were given the status of Roman citizen
and were generally exempt from taxes
(money came from conquered
territories)
aqueduct provided 100 gallons of water
a day for every person in Nimes
Theater – isolated audience & actors in
an architectural environment
For recreation people went to the baths
or the events in the amphitheater
Discovery of concrete revolutionized
Roman architecture
made possible by use of barrel & groin
vaults, exteriors decorated with Roman
orders
900 foot span/ 180 feet above the Gard
river /consists of three arcades (walls
with a series of regularly spaced arched
openings) stacked on top of each other /
example of the simplified use of the
arch as a structural element / large stone
piers (square or rectangular support
posts) support a road bed 20 feet high /
the arches of the second arcade span the
same distance as those of the base but
are narrower than the first and set on
one side of the roadbed / the third
arcade (narrowest & shortest) has 3 for
every 1 of the second arcade /
purely utilitarian structure – left
undecorated / the blocks inserted to
support scaffolding during construction
were left to provide easy access for
repairs /conveys the Roman since of
balance, proportion, rhythmic harmony,
& integration into its natural setting
-Decoration
-Axis
Interior Organization /
Scale/Size/Proportion
Space / Light
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality of
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Peristyle garden, House of the
Vettii, Pompeii, pgs 240-1
Amphitheater Pompeii,
not in book
Republican Period
amphitheaters (combined 2 theatersconcrete enabled architects to build
arches
Set in hillside – plain masonry of wall
disguised with columns & pediments
Surroundings are part of performance
setting
ARCHITECTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 3
CRITERIA:
Imperial Forum, pgs 260-263
Markets of Trajan, pg 263
Colosseum, pg 252-255
(Architect if Known)
Artistic Time Period /
Date / Orig. Location
Early Empire
Early Empire
Early Empire
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-Political-Economic
Patron-Architect
(relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site=
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process /
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Orientation / Form / Plan
Principles & Elements of
Design
Exterior
-Decoration
-Axis
Interior Organization /
Scale/Size/Proportion
Space / Light
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality of
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Concrete & arches
ARCHITECTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 4
CRITERIA:
Pantheon, pg 263-266
(Architect if Known)
Artistic Time Period /
Date / Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-Political-Economic
Patron-Architect
(relationship)
Location –Geographical
Relationship to site=
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process /
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Orientation / Form / Plan
Principles & Elements of
Design
Exterior
-Decoration
-Axis
Interior Organization /
Scale/Size/Proportion
Space / Light
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality of
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Early Empire
Palace of Diocletian, Peristyle
court, pg 274-276
Late Empire
Basilica of Maxentius &
Constantine, pg 280-282
Late Empire
RELIEF &
ARCHITECTURAL
SCULPTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 5
CRITERIA:
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period / Date
/Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-Political-Economic
Patron-Architect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Ara Pacis Auguste &
Imperial Procession,
Allegory, pgs 245-247
Early Empire
Arch of Titus, pgs253-255
Early Empire
Column of Trajan, Romans
Crossing the Danube &
Building a Fort, pgs 260- 263
Early Empire
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process/
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements of
Design
Form / Shape– geometric, organic
/ open, closed / Mass / Volume /
Texture- smooth, rough / Color /
Value / Space – positive, negative
Movement / Gesture / Balance /
Type – free-standing / relief /
Orientation / Stance /
Presentation
Proportion / Scale / Relationship
to viewer / space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality ofFigural-anatomical correctness /
facial expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of expression
/ Dominant forms, motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Arch of Trajan, c
114-117 C.E.
Spoils from the
Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem
RELIEF &
ARCHITECTURAL
SCULPTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 6
CRITERIA:
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period / Date
/Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-Political-Economic
Patron-Architect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Battle between the Romans &
the Barbarians, pg 278
High Empire, 250 CE, Rome
Arch of Constantine,
pgs 282-283
Late Empire
changing funerary practices-shift from
cremation to burial-led to growing
demand for funerary sculpture
Priestess of Bacchus(?),
pgs 284-285
Late Empire, 390-401 CE
Constantine baptized into Christian
religion on deathbed 337 BCE /
period of civil war followed / by end
of 4th century Christianity had
become the official religion of the
empire / non-Christians had become
targets of persecution / many people
resisted the shift & tried to revive
classical culture
ivory / diptych / carving
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process/
Terms
marble / workshops produced
thousands of sarcophagi with carved
reliefs
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism / Iconography
Patron / Audience
relief from the tomb of the Ludovisi
Battle Sarcophagus/ wealthy Roman /
funerary-to be placed in Mausoleum
Roman patricians Quintus Aurelius
Symmacus / may commemorate a
marriage between families
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements of
Design
sarcophagi were popular / dense mass
of intertwined bodies / central
horseman stands out = one of Trajan’s
sons / Subject = battle between Romans
and Barbarians in a style related to the
Hellenistic period - no attempt to depict
depth of space-
diptych-2 panels / careful rendering
of drapery / ivory carvers extremely
skillful-commissioned by pagans &
Christians
shows commander addressing his
troops with an outstretched arm from
his horse-in the midst of the battle/
compositions for sarcophagi range in
complexity from simple geometric or
floral ornaments to scenes involving
large numbers of figures /some subjects
included events from the life of the
deceased / some showed dramatic
scenes from Greek mythology &
drama
classical subject matter remained
attractive to artist & patrons / stories
of the ancient gods & heroes entered
the secular realm as decorative
elements
Form / Shape– geometric, organic
/ open, closed / Mass / Volume /
Texture- smooth, rough / Color /
Value / Space – positive, negative
Movement / Gesture / Balance /
Type – free-standing / relief /
Orientation / Stance /
Presentation
Proportion / Scale / Relationship
to viewer / space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality ofFigural-anatomical correctness /
facial expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of expression
/ Dominant forms, motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant structures
and/or criteria
Constantine Speaking to the
People
FREESTANDING
SCULPTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 7
CRITERIA:
Apollo, from Veil,
pg 223-228
Etruscan
Sarcophagus from Cerveteri,
pgs 229-231
Etruscan, c. 520 BCE,
Origins=little known - little survived /
Civilization peaked in 6th century =>
Greek Archaic period / Romans take
over by 3rd century / Language not fully
deciphered – alphabet derived from
Greek-but unique / Greek Heroes &
gods incorporated => reflect Greek
influence / Exception women were
better educated & more conspicuous
dependent upon Greek art for subjects &
compositions-behind Greek styles by 25
years / portraits of deceased in bronze &
terracotta, from canopic urns (cremated
ashes) / sarcophagi (terracotta &
limestone coffins – marble not used) /
most found in temples & tombs, size
from small to life-size
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process/
Terms
terra-cotta
terra-cotta, length 6'7"/Terra-cotta =
once painted/Created in four sections &
then joined
modeling techniques preferred over
carving, carving & incising used for
details, paint applied
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism /
Iconography
Patron / Audience
Purpose = free standing figures
(acroteria) on temples
Portrait coffin- evolved from cinerary
jars= actual people
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements
of Design
emphasized realism (naturalism) more
than idealism / more animated, bodies
unarticulated or inaccurately
represented, heads too small, faces =
Archaic smile, detailing very precise
Sculpture – Archaic = sarcophagi –
most famous/ Pose = Reclining on a
banquet couch/ Men & women dining
together = Etruscan – only men in
Greek/ actual hair & clothing styles
/Archaic smile – imitated by Romans
/Animated => movement = alive =
Etruscan – Egypt very still
Archaic Style => Greek Kouros figures
/ Geometric = not naturalistic / Life
size/ Some what active pose = forward
motion => purposeful movement characteristic / Robe has knife pleats
Gesturing important characteristic
of Roman art (even today) / Greek –
closed contours & calm demeanor/
Sculptor rendered the upper & lower
parts of the figure differently emphasis on the upper part =>
Greek conventions of proportion and
balance / vibrant faces & gesturing
arms -lower – legs summarily
modeled / transition to the torso at
the waist is unnatural
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period /
Date /Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-PoliticalEconomic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –
Geographical
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Form / Shape– geometric,
organic / open, closed / Mass
/ Volume / Texture- smooth,
rough / Color / Value / Space
– positive, negative
Movement / Gesture /
Balance / Type – freestanding / relief / Orientation /
Stance / Presentation
Proportion / Scale /
Relationship to viewer /
space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality ofFigural-anatomical
correctness / facial
expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of
expression / Dominant forms,
motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant
structures and/or
criteria
Aulus Metellus,
pg 243-244
Republican Period
Patrician w/ two Portrait heads
FREE STANDING
SCULPTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 8
CRITERIA:
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period /
Date /Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-PoliticalEconomic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –
Geographical
Augustus of Prima Porta,
pg 243-247
Early Empire
Young Flavian Woman, pg
255-256
Early Empire
Caracalla, pg 276-278
Late Empire, 3rd century CE,
The Severan emperors - ruled the
empire before the rise of Diocletian
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process/
Terms
Marble, height 14 1/2" / drill & chisel
work
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism /
Iconography
Patron / Audience
Portrait bust
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements
of Design
sculptor enhanced the intensity of the
emperor's expression by producing
strong contrasts of light & dark / eyes
drilled & engraved to catch the light
Form / Shape– geometric,
organic / open, closed / Mass
/ Volume / Texture- smooth,
rough / Color / Value / Space
– positive, negative
Movement / Gesture /
Balance / Type – freestanding / relief / Orientation /
Stance / Presentation
Proportion / Scale /
Relationship to viewer /
space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality ofFigural-anatomical
correctness / facial
expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of
expression / Dominant forms,
motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant
structures and/or
criteria
Direct forceful images, emphasis on
realistic portrayal of individuals in
extreme realism- verism
Convey message of Rome- scowling
expression = hard as nails military man
FREE STANDING
SCULPTURE
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 9
CRITERIA:
Marcus Aurelius, pg 270-272
(Artist if Known)
Artistic Time Period /
Date /Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-PoliticalEconomic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –
Geographical
Early Empire
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Building
Techniques / Process/
Terms
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism /
Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Principles & Elements
of Design
Form / Shape– geometric,
organic / open, closed / Mass
/ Volume / Texture- smooth,
rough / Color / Value / Space
– positive, negative
Movement / Gesture /
Balance / Type – freestanding / relief / Orientation /
Stance / Presentation
Proportion / Scale /
Relationship to viewer /
space
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality ofFigural-anatomical
correctness / facial
expression or Non-objective
elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences / Manner of
expression / Dominant forms,
motifs, symbols
- Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant
structures and/or
criteria
Commodus as Hercules, pgs
The Tetrarchs,
pg 276-278
Late Empire
Constantine the Great, pg 280284
Late Empire
271-2
PAINTING
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 10
CRITERIA:
Artist (If known)
Artistic Time Period /
Date / Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-PoliticalEconomic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Musicians & Dancers,
Pgs 229-231
Etruscan , c. 480-470 BCE,
Tomb of the Lionesses, Tarquinta
Origins little is known - little survived /
May have come from Turkey around
800 BCE / Civilization peaked in 6th
century => Greek Archaic period /
Romans take over by 3rd century
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Fresco, wall painting
Materials /
Construction / Techniques /
Terms
Narrative
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism /
Iconography
Patron / Audience
Dancers – from tomb of the
Lionesses, Tarquinta = fresco /
Painting—seen in tombs –
cemeteries - afterlife
Formalism (visual):
Elaborate underground tomb/ brightly
colored-scenes of feasting, dancing,
musical performances, athletic contests,
hunting & fishing/ convey energy &
humor
Pictorial SpaceComposition /
Organization-Principles &
Elements of Design
Color / Value / Space –
positive, negative / / figureground / depth / color /
movement / line – shape /
balance / unity / view point /
proportion- size/scale
Movement / Gesture / Balance
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality ofFigural -anatomical correctness
/ facial expression
Non-objective – elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant
structures and/or criteria
pictorial conventions => women- light
skin men-dark skin/symbolism = egg =
symbol of regeneration/stylized trees &
figures
Initiation Rites of the Cult of
Bacchus(?), pg 249-252
Early Empire
Garden Scene,
pg 249-252
Early Empire
PAINTING
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 11
CRITERIA:
Artist (If known)
Painting from the House of M.
Lucretius Fronto,
pg 256-259
Artistic Time Period /
Date / Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-PoliticalEconomic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Early Empire
Still Life with Peaches,
Not in book
pg 279
Early Empire Period,
Herculaneum, c. 50 C.E.,
Late Empire, c. 200 CE ,
Period following a time of civil war,
Vespasian government- restored
imperial finances & stabilized empires
frontiers
Civil conflict followed Commodus’
death / Septimius Severus becomes
ruler – African-born / general/ Adopted
himself to Marcus Aurelius /Two sons
Caracalla & Geta/Caracalla succeeded
his father as emperor – Ruthless
Emperor/ had his brother murdered &
ordered the death of his wife/felled by
assassin’s dagger in the 6th year of his
rule/assassinations become the fate of
many Roman emperors during the 3rd
century CE ==> period of social,
political, & economic upheaval was
accompanied by the emergence of a
new aesthetic / by the 3rd century burial
of the dead had become widespread –
replacing cremation
painted wood
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Septimius Severus, Julia
Domna, & Their Children
Wall painting, fresco
Materials /
Construction / Techniques /
Terms
Narrative
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism /
Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Pictorial SpaceComposition /
Organization-Principles &
Elements of Design
14” x 13 ½” – small detail of larger
mural
Wall painting found in homes – many
subjects: landscapes, city views,
portraits, still lifes
Fourth Style- intricate, experiments in
optical illusion
Marks point of furthest advancement
by ancients in the technique of
representation
Family portrait
Still life painting / decorate walls
Illusionistic effects, contour shadows
with highlights, casual relationship of
objects
no since of motion-frontality & floating
figures =-figures have no connection
to the ground
Color / Value / Space –
positive, negative / / figureground / depth / color /
movement / line – shape /
balance / unity / view point /
proportion- size/scale
Movement / Gesture / Balance
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality ofFigural -anatomical correctness
/ facial expression
Non-objective – elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant
structures and/or criteria
Goal to paint light, to give the illusion
of objects in a cupboard, approximate
light & shade, artist understands the
look of things is the function of light
ruthless character was captured in his
portraits-suggested texture of hairexample of the introspection of
portraits-brow is knotted-abruptly turns
head over left shoulder – may suspect
danger/ / in art the non-classical style
takes root – some characteristic from
lower class art-
PAINTING
ANALYSIS
WORKSHEET
Page 12
CRITERIA:
Artist (If known)
Battle of Centaurs & Wild Beasts,
pg 272
Artistic Time Period /
Date / Orig. Location
Context:
Cultural Belief System
(religion) / Historical –
Social-PoliticalEconomic PatronArchitect (relationship)
Location –Geographical
Early Empire
Relationship to site =
geography, climate, etc.
Medium / Technique:
Materials /
Construction / Techniques /
Terms
Narrative
Function / Purpose:
Symbolism /
Iconography
Patron / Audience
Formalism (visual):
Pictorial SpaceComposition /
Organization-Principles &
Elements of Design
Color / Value / Space –
positive, negative / / figureground / depth / color /
movement / line – shape /
balance / unity / view point /
proportion- size/scale
Movement / Gesture / Balance
Expressive Content:
Commonalities /
Originality ofFigural -anatomical correctness
/ facial expression
Non-objective – elements
-Stylistic Characteristics /
Influences
-Manner of expression
-Dominant forms, motifs,
symbols
-Narrative
-Artistic training
-Key Concepts
Other relevant
structures and/or criteria
The Unswept Floor,
Pg 273
Early Empire