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CHARLEMAGNE UNITES GERMANIC KINGDOMS Middle Ages – Era of European history after the decline of the Roman Empire from about 500 to 1500 - Also called Medieval Period - Often divided into 3 parts: 1. Early Middle Ages (500-1000) – Dark Ages 2. High Middle Ages (1000-1300) – Some advances made 3. Late Middle Ages (1300-1500) – Advances are threatened by disasters Invasions of Western Europe - Germanic invaders cause major changes to Europe: 1. Disruption of Trade – merchants faced invasions, businesses collapsed, money became scarce 2. Downfall of Cities – cities were abandoned when businesses collapsed 3. Population Shifts – people moved from cities to countryside to grow food 4. Decline of Learning – Germanic invaders could not read or write; Romans move to rural areas and had no schools 5. Loss of Common Language – Germanic people had different languages; Romans had spoken Latin, but begin to mix it with Germanic languages (French and Spanish develop) Germanic Kingdoms Emerge The Concept of Government Changes - From 400 to 600, Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces - Germanic kingdoms had no written laws, just unwritten rules and traditions - Germanic chiefs led bands of warriors who had pledged loyalty to him - Warriors felt no need to obey or pay taxes to an emperor or a king Clovis Rules the Franks - In the old Roman province of Gaul (modern France), a group called the Franks ruled - Their leader, Clovis, had become a Christian Result: 1. 3,000 of his warriors become Christians 2. Many other Franks become Christians 3. Kingdom of the Franks and the Church in Rome become united An Empire Evolves - Clovis dies in 511 after gaining control of the Frankish Kingdom - Other Christian kings ruled the Franks for the next 200 years - In 719, man named Charles “The Hammer” Martel takes control of the Franks - The Hammer conquers more land for the Franks - Defeats Muslims in Spain at Battle of Tours Importance: Keeps Muslims from getting into rest of Europe - Europe would have become part of the Muslim Empire - After Charles Martel dies, his son Pepin the Short takes over the Franks - Pepin agreed to fight off invaders for the pope in exchange for being named king - Carolingian Dynasty – starts with Pepin the Short, family rules for 236 years Charlemagne Becomes Emperor - Pepin the Short dies in 768 and leaves kingdom to his son, Charlemagne or Charles the Great - Charlemagne conquers lands and reunites western Europe for first time since Roman Empire - By 800, Charlemagne’s empire was larger than Byzantine Empire - Charlemagne appoints royal agents to govern smaller areas of the empire - He also encourages learning and opens a school at the palace Charlemagne’s Heirs - Charlemagne’s son, Louis the Pious was a religious man but a poor ruler - When Louis died, his three sons fought for power - They divided the kingdom into 3 kingdoms - Kings lose power and lack of strong leader leads to a new system of government called feudalism FEUDALISM IN EUROPE Invaders Attack Western Europe - After Charlemagne’s grandsons split up the kingdom, the kingdom faced several threats from invaders 1. Vikings – seafaring warriors that invaded from the North 2. Magyars – nomadic horsemen that attacked from the East 3. Muslims – religious group in Africa that attacked from the South - People in Europe lived in constant danger, but kings were unable to protect them - People began to look to local rulers who had their own armies for protection A New Social Order: Feudalism 1. Lord – landowner : granted land to someone in exchange for military protection 2. Vassal – military leader : received land from a lord, but had to protect the lord The Feudal Pyramid - The structure of the feudal system was like a pyramid 1. King (top) 2. Lords and Vassals 3. Knights 4. Peasants Social Classes Are Well Defined - People in the Middle Ages belonged to one of three social classes 1. Those who fought (nobles and knights) 2. Those who prayed (church leaders) 3. Those who worked (peasants) – most peasants were serfs - Serfs – could not legally leave the place where they were born - were not slaves, but anything they produced belonged to the lord Manors - The lords (landowner) not only needed protection from vassals, but also needed people to work their land - Most peasants and serfs worked the land of the lord - The lord’s estate was called a manor - The manor usually included the lord’s house, a village church, peasants’ cottages, and farm land - Serfs worked long hours, lived in overcrowded cottages, and were give very little food CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES The Crusades What were they? - Series of wars fought to conquer and control the Holy Land (Israel) for the West (Europe) - Other goals: 1. Reconquest of Spain from Muslims 2. Expansion of Christianity 3. Conversion / Elimination of European Jews How did they begin? 1. Charles Martel defeats Muslims at the Battle of Tours – sparks Reconquista of Spain 2. The Holy Land was controlled by Muslims, but visiting Christians were treated fairly – In 1078 Seljuk Turks (Muslims) capture Jerusalem and begin threatening visiting Christians 3. Muslims begin to threaten Constantinople – Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II for help against the Muslims - Pope gets European Christians fired up about regaining the Holy Land – included knights and all other social classes What happened during the Crusades? 1st Crusade – Crusaders make it to Jerusalem and for over a month have extremely bloody battles with the Turks - July 15, 1099, Crusaders capture Jerusalem - Several years later the Turks regain the city 2nd & 3rd Crusade – Christians fail to recapture Jerusalem 4th Crusade – Crusading knights do not reach the Holy Land – they get to Constantinople and loot the city - Showed fading religious spirit and growing search for personal gain * All other Crusades proved to be unsuccessful A Spanish Crusade - A group of Muslims called the Moors controlled most of Spain - Charles Martel started the Reconquista or reconquest of Spain for Christians in 732 - In 1492 the Christian army of Spain pushed the Muslims completely out of Spain -Inquisition – Court held by the church in Spain - The king and queen of Spain would use the Inquisition to eliminate people who had different beliefs from the church Results of Inquisition: 1. People accused of heresy were questioned and tortured for weeks 2. Once suspects confessed, they were often burned at the stake 3. All Jews and Muslims either converted to Christianity or were expelled from Spain The Effects of the Crusades What happened as a result of the crusades? 1. Christians failed to regain the Holy Land 2. The Byzantine Empire was weakened 3. Relationship between Christians and Muslims worsened CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY Europe in the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) What was different about the High Middle Ages? - Europe began to become advanced again Why did it happen? 1. A Growing Food Supply - Europe experienced warmer temperatures and more land could be farmed - People began to use horses to plow fields and pull wagons instead of oxen - Using the three-field system - farming on two fields and letting one rest for a year Results: 1. An increase in the food supply 2. An increase in the population 2. Commercial Revolution - Commercial Revolution – an expansion of trade and business - Merchants from all over Europe would visit towns to trade goods with local peasants ex. bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather, dyes, knives, rope - Goods were also brought from western Asia and northern Africa 3. Urban Life Flourishes - Because there was plenty of food and trading in towns, people began moving to towns and small cities formed - Cities offered new jobs and an escape from feudalism - serfs who ran away from manors became free by living in a town for a year and one day 4. The Revival of Learning - During the Crusades, Europeans came into contact with Muslims and the Byzantines - Muslims and Byzantines had libraries full of writings of Greek philosophers - Western Europeans began visiting these libraries and translating the writings into languages they could understand - Creation of universities – start as meetings of groups of scholars