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French Regular -ER Verbs Some common French regular -ER verbs French regular -ER verb conjugations To conjugate an -ER verb in the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and then add the appropriate endings. For example, here are the present tense conjugations for the regular -ER verbs parler (to speak), donner (to give), and visiter (to visit): Pronoun parler > parl- donner > donn- visiter > visit- je Ending -e parle donne visite tu -es parles donnes visites il -e parle donne visite nous -ons parlons donnons visitons vous -ez parlez donnez visitez ils -ent parlent donnent visitent Regular -ER verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. French regular -ER verbs, by far the largest group of French verbs, share a conjugation pattern. Here are just a few of the most common regular -ER verbs: aimer to like, to love arriver to arrive, to happen chanter to sing chercher to look for danser to dance demander to ask for dépenser to spend (money) détester to hate donner to give écouter to listen to étudier to study fermer to close goûter to taste jouer to play laver to wash lever to lift manger* to eat nager* to swim parler to talk, to speak passer to pass, spend (time) penser to think porter to wear, to carry regarder to watch, to look at rêver to dream sembler to seem skier to ski travailler to work trouver to find visiter to visit (a place) voler to fly, to steal -CER Verbs - French Spelling Change Verbs Verbes qui changent d'orthographe Verbs that end in -cer, like lancer, have a spelling change before endings that begin with the hard vowels a or o. Because c followed by a or o would make a hard c sound (like in cold), the c has to change to ç (c with a cedilla) to keep the c soft (as in cell). In the present tense and the imperative, this c > ç spelling change is found only in the nous conjugation: lançons. It is needed in the present participle, lançant, but not the past participle, lancé. And it occurs in the following tenses/moods: Imperfect - singular conjugations plus the third person plural Passé simple - all conjugations except the third person plural Imperfect subjunctive - all conjugations There is no spelling change in the conditional, future, or subjunctive. The table below summarizes just the spelling change conjugations, or you can see lancer conjugated in all tenses. All verbs that end in -cer undergo this spelling change, including annoncer to announce avancer to advance commencer to begin dénoncer to denounce divorcer to divorce effacer to erase lancer to throw menacer to threaten placer to put prononcer to pronounce remplacer to replace renoncer to renounce -GER Verbs - French Spelling Change Verbs Verbes qui changent d'orthographe Verbs that end in -ger, like manger, have a spelling change before endings that begin with the hard vowels a or o. Because g followed by a or o would make a hard g sound (like in gold), e has to be added after g to keep the g soft (as in gel). In the present tense and the imperative, this g > ge spelling change is found only in the nous conjugation: mangeons. It is needed in the present participle, mangeant, but not the past participle, mangé. And it occurs in the following tenses/moods: Imperfect - singular conjugations plus the third person plural Passé simple - all conjugations except the third person plural Imperfect subjunctive - all conjugations There is no spelling change in the conditional, future, or subjunctive. The table below summarizes just the spelling change conjugations, or you can see manger conjugated in all tenses. All verbs that end in -ger undergo this spelling change, including arranger to arrange bouger to move changer to change corriger to correct décourager to discourage déménager to move déranger to disturb diriger to direct encourager to encourage engager to bind exiger to demand juger to judge loger to lodge manger to eat mélanger to mix nager to swim obliger to oblige partager to share rédiger to write voyager to travel -AYER - French Stem-Changing Verbs Verbes qui changent d'orthographe French stem-changing verbs are conjugated with the same endings as regular -ER verbs but have two different radicals or stems. Stem-changing verbs are sometimes also called boot verbs or shoe verbs, because if you circle the forms that have stem changes in the conjugation table below, the resulting shape looks like a boot or shoe. All verbs that end in -yer are stem-changing verbs, but there are two different varieties: 1. Verbs that end in -ayer (see below) have an optional stem change 2. Verbs that end in -oyer and -uyer (see page 2) have a required stem change -ayer verbs In the present tense, -ayer verbs have an optional stem change: y changes to i in all forms but nous and vous. je paie tu paies il paie nous payons vous payez ils paient Or they can be conjugated as regular -ER verbs: je paye tu payes il paye nous payons vous payez ils payent These two sets of conjugations for -ayer verbs are equally acceptable. Verb conjugation group balayer - to sweep effrayer - to frighten essayer - to try payer - to pay These stem changes are not limited to the present tense; see payer in all tenses or the lesson on -yer verbs in other tenses. Note: Verbs that end in -oyer and -uyer have the same stem change, but it is required: -oyer and uyer verbs. -OYER -UYER - French Stem-Changing Verbs Verbes qui changent d'orthographe French stem-changing verbs are conjugated with the same endings as regular -ER verbs but have two different radicals or stems. Stem-changing verbs are sometimes also called boot verbs or shoe verbs, because if you circle the forms that have stem changes in the conjugation table below, the resulting shape looks like a boot or shoe. All verbs that end in -yer are stem-changing verbs, but there are two different varieties: 1. Verbs that end in -ayer (see page 1) have an optional stem change 2. Verbs that end in -oyer and -uyer (see below) have a required stem change In the present tense, French verbs that end in -oyer and -uyer must change y to i in all forms but nous and vous. -oyer verbs je nettoie tu nettoies il nettoie nous nettoyons vous nettoyez ils nettoient These stem changes are not limited to the present tense; see nettoyer in all tenses or the lesson on yer verbs in other tenses. Verb conjugation group broyer - to grind employer - to employ envoyer - to send nettoyer - to clean se noyer - to drown renvoyer - to fire tutoyer - to use tu vouvoyer - to use vous (learn about tu vs vous) -uyer verbs j' ennuie tu ennuies il ennuie nous ennuyons vous ennuyez ils ennuient Verb conjugation group appuyer - to lean, press ennuyer - to bore essuyer - to wipe These stem changes are not limited to the present tense; see ennuyer in all tenses or the lesson on yer verbs in other tenses. Note: Verbs that end in -ayer have the same stem change, but it is optional: -ayer verbs. -YER - French Stem-Changing Verbs Verbes qui changent d'orthographe French stem-changing verbs are conjugated with the same endings as regular -ER verbs but have two different radicals or stems. These stem changes occur in several French tenses and moods and moods, as shown in the following table. Remember that the stem-change for is optional for -ayer verbs and required for -oyer and -uyer verbs. In the present tense, subjunctive, and imperative, the stem change occurs in all conjugations except nous and vous: In the future and conditional, the stem change occurs in all conjugations. There is no stem change in the imperfect, present participle, past participle, passé simple, or imperfect subjunctive. See -yer verbs conjugated in all tenses: payer nettoyer ennuyer Note: The affected conjugations of these stem-change patterns are the same for all the different types of stem-changing verbs, with one exception: -é_er verbs do not stem change in the future and conditional. French Regular -IR Verbs How to conjugate regular -IR verbs in French There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular -ER, -IR, -RE; stem-changing; and irregular. Once you've learned the rules of conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem conjugating regular verbs in each of those categories. Regular -IR verbs are the second largest category of French verbs- see the next page for a list of some common -IR verbs. The verb form that ends in -IR is called the infinitive (in English, the infinitive is the verb preceded by the word "to"), and -IR is the infinitive ending. The verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical. To conjugate -IR verbs, remove the infinitive ending to find the stem and add the endings in the table below. French regular -IR verb conjugations To conjugate an -IR verb in the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and then add the appropriate endings. For example, here are the present tense conjugations for the regular -IR verbs choisir (to choose), finir (to finish), and réussir (to succeed): Pronoun Ending choisir > chois- finir > fin- réussir > réuss- je -is choisis finis réussis tu -is choisis finis réussis il -it choisit finit réussit nous vous ils choisissons finissons réussissons issons -issez choisissez finissez réussissez choisissent finissent réussissent issent Regular -IR verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. French regular -IR verbs, the second largest group of French verbs, share a conjugation pattern. Here are just a few of the most common regular -IR verbs: abolir to abolish agir to act avertir to warn bâtir to build bénir to bless choisir to choose établir to establish étourdir to stun, deafen, make dizzy finir to finish grossir to gain weight, get fat guérir to cure, heal, recover maigrir to lose weight, get thin nourrir to feed, nourish obéir to obey punir to punish réfléchir to reflect, think remplir to to fill réussir to succeed rougir to blush, turn red vieillir to grow old Irregular -IR Verbs Learn about patterns for irregular -ir French verbs Irregular verbs are the bane of every French student's existence, but there is some good news. There are some patterns in the irregularities - once you learn the conjugations for one verb in a group, you shouldn't have any trouble with the other verbs in that group. There are four kinds of -IR verbs 1. 2. 3. 4. irregular -IR verbs like dormir irregular -IR verbs like ouvrir completely irregular verbs (pouvoir, venir, etc) regular -IR verbs 1. The first group of irregular verbs includes dormir, mentir, partir, sentir, servir, sortir, and all of their derivations (repartir, etc). The endings for these verbs are as follows: Singular Plural je -s nous -ons tu -s vous -ez il -t ils -ent These verbs drop the last letter of the radical in the singular forms. DORMIR Singular Plural je dors nous dormons tu dors vous dormez il ils dort dorment 2. The second group of verbs includes couvrir, cueillir, découvrir, offrir, ouvrir, souffrir, and their derivations. These verbs are conjugated like regular -ER verbs. So the endings are Singular Plural je -e nous -ons tu -es vous -ez il -e ils -ent To conjugate ouvrir, remove the infinitive ending to find the radical ouvr- and then add the appropriate endings: OUVRIR Singular Plural j' nous ouvrons tu ouvres vous ouvrez il ils ouvrent ouvre ouvre 3. Completely irregular -IR verbs: Unfortunately, some verbs do not follow a pattern - you have to memorize the conjugations for each one separately. Try this: learn one verb a day. Click on each verb for a table of its conjugations. asseoir pleuvoir valoir courir pouvoir venir devoir recevoir voir falloir savoir vouloir mourir tenir French Regular -RE Verbs How to conjugate regular -RE verbs in French There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular -ER, -IR, -RE; stem-changing; and irregular. Once you've learned the rules of conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem conjugating regular verbs in each of those categories. The smallest category of regular French verbs -RE verbs - see the next page for a list of some common -RE verbs. The verb form that ends in -RE is called the infinitive (in English, the infinitive is the verb preceded by the word "to"), and -RE is the infinitive ending. The verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical. To conjugate -RE verbs, remove the infinitive ending to find the stem and add the endings in the table below. French regular -RE verb conjugations To conjugate an -RE verb in the present tense, remove the infinitive ending and then add the appropriate endings. For example, here are the present tense conjugations for the regular -RE verbs descendre (to descend), perdre (to lose), and vendre (to sell): Pronoun descendre > descend- perdre > perd- vendre > vend- je Ending -s descends perds vends tu -s descends perds vends il - descend perd vend nous -ons descendons perdons vendons vous -ez descendez perdez vendez ils -ent descendent perdent vendent Regular -RE verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. French regular -RE verbs are a small group of French verbs which share a conjugation pattern. Here are the most common regular -RE verbs: attendre to wait (for) défendre to defend descendre to descend entendre to to hear étendre to stretch fondre to melt pendre to hang, suspend perdre to lose prétendre to claim rendre to give back, return répandre to spread, scatter répondre to answer vendre to sell Irregular -RE Verbs Learn about patterns for irregular -re French verbs Irregular verbs are the bane of every French student's existence, but there's good news. There are some patterns in the irregularities - once you learn the conjugations for one verb in a group, you shouldn't have any trouble with the other verbs in that group. The bad news is that the majority of irregular verbs end in -RE, so there are a lot of patterns to learn. There are seven kinds of -RE verbs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. prendre and its derivatives battre and its derivatives mettre and its derivatives rompre and its derivatives verbs that end in -aindre, -eindre, and -oindre completely irregular verbs (faire, connaître, etc.) regular -RE verbs 1. The first group of irregular -RE verbs includes prendre and all of its derivatives (comprendre, etc). The endings for these verbs are as follows: Singular Plural je -s nous -ons tu -s vous -ez il - ils -ent These verbs drop the d in the radical in the 1st and 2nd person plural forms and double the n in the 3rd person plural form. PRENDRE je prends nous prenons tu prends vous prenez il ils prend prennent 2. The second group of irregular -RE verbs includes battre and all of its derivatives (débattre, etc.) The endings for these verbs are as follows: je -s nous -ons tu -s vous -ez il ils -ent - These verbs drop a t in the singular forms. BATTRE je bats nous battons tu bats vous battez il ils bat battent 3. The third group of irregular -RE verbs includes mettre and all of its derivatives (promettre, etc.) These verbs are conjugated just like group 2 (the battre verbs) in the present tense, but have a different passé simple and past participle. 4. The fourth group of irregular -RE verbs includes rompre and its derivatives (corrompre, interrompre)The endings for these verbs are as follows: je -s nous -ons tu -s vous -ez il ils -ent -t These verbs are conjugated exactly like regular -RE verbs with the single exception of the third person singular present tense, which adds a t after the stem. ROMPRE je romps nous rompons tu romps vous rompez il ils rompt rompent 5. The fifth group of irregular -RE verbs includes craindre and all verbs that end in -aindre (plaindre, etc) peindre and all verbs that end in -eindre (ceindre, etc.) joindre and all verbs that end in -oindre (rejoindre, etc.) The endings for these verbs are as follows: je -s nous -ons tu -s vous -ez il ils -ent -t These verbs drop the d in the root in all forms, and add a g in front of the n in the plural forms. PEINDRE je peins nous peignons tu peins vous peignez il ils peint peignent 6. Completely irregular -RE verbs: These verbs have unique or difficult conjugations that it would be nearly impossible to describe, so you have to memorize each one separately. Try working on one verb a day until you've mastered them all. Click on each verb for a table of its conjugations. Any derivatives conjugated the same way are listed under the conjugation table for each verb. absoudre boire clore conclure conduire confire connaître coudre croire dire écrire faire inscrire lire moudre naître plaire rire suivre vivre French Verbs of Perception Les verbes de sensation Verbs of perception are verbs which, logically enough, indicate a perception or sensation. There are six common French verbs of perception: apercevoir to catch a glimpse of écouter to listen to entendre to hear regarder to watch sentir to feel voir to see These verbs may be followed by a noun or an infinitive. Avoir, Être, Faire The French verbs avoir (to have), être (to be), and faire (to do/make) are irregular. Avoir j' je ai tu as Être Faire suis fais es fais il elle on a est fait nous avons sommes faisons vous avez êtes faites ils ont elles sont font These verbs are very important, because they are used in some of the ways that we use them in English as well as in many expressions. J'ai un livre - I have a book. Je suis à Paris - I am in Paris. Je fais mon lit - I'm making my bed. Even though être is the French equivalent of "to be," there are certain expressions in which you have to use avoir or faire to translate "to be." After you've looked over the list of expressions for each of these verbs, see how well you do with this test: To Be - Être, Avoir, or Faire Avoir - French Expressions There are many French expressions with the verb avoir, which literally means "to have." Note that the English equivalents of many of these expressions use the verb "to be." avoir ___ ans to be ___ years old avoir à to have to avoir beau + infinitive despite doing, however much (one) does avoir besoin de to need avoir chaud to be hot avoir confiance en to trust avoir de la chance to be lucky avoir du charme to have charm avoir du chien (informal) to be attractive, have a certain something avoir envie de to want avoir faim to be hungry avoir froid to be cold avoir honte de to be ashamed of/about avoir horreur de to detest/loathe avoir l'air + adjective to look ____ avoir l'air de + noun avoir le cafard to look like a ____ (informal) to feel low/blue/down in the dumps avoir le fou rire to have the giggles avoir le mal de mer to be seasick avoir l'habitude de to be used to, in the habit of avoir l'heure to have (know) the time avoir lieu to take place avoir l'intention de to intend/plan to avoir mal à la tête, aux yeux, à l'estomac to have a headache, eye ache, stomachache avoir mal au coeur to be sick to one's stomach avoir peur de to be afraid avoir raison to be right avoir soif to be thirsty avoir sommeil to be sleepy avoir tort to be wrong avoir un cheveu (sur la langue) (informal) to lisp avoir un petit creux (informal) to be a little hungry/peckish avoir un poil dans la main (informal) to be lazy avoir un trou (de mémoire) to have a memory loss, to have one's mind go blank avoir une dent contre quelqu'un (informal) to hold a grudge against someone en avoir (familiar) en avoir ras le bol (informal) to be fed up to have guts il y a there is/are n'avoir qu'à to just/only have to All About Être Everything you need to know about the irregular French verb être Être is one of the most common French verbs. It is irregular in conjugation and literally means "to be." Être is also used in some idiomatic expressions and as an auxiliary verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. To Be Être means "to be" in many senses that this verb is used in English. 1. It is used with adjectives, nouns, and adverbs to describe a temporary or permanent state of being: Il est beau - He is handsome Je suis à Paris - I'm in Paris Nous sommes français - We're French Il est là-bas - He's over there 2. Être is used to describe someone's profession; however, note that the indefinite article is not used in this construction in French: Mon père est avocat - My father is a lawyer Je suis étudiant - I'm a student 3. Expressions with être Notes There are a number of English "to be" expressions which are translated in French by avoir (to have): avoir froid - to be cold avoir raison - to be right avoir xx ans - to be xx years old more expressions When talking about the weather, French uses the verb faire (to do/make) rather than être: Quel temps fait-il ? - How's the weather? Il fait beau - It's nice out Il fait du vent - It's windy Être as an Auxiliary Verb 1. Être is the auxiliary for some verbs in the compound tenses: Je suis allé en France - I went to France Nous étions déjà sortis - We had already left Il serait venu si... - He would have come if... 2. Être is used to form the passive voice: La voiture est lavée - The car is washed Il est respecté de tout le monde - He is respected by everyone Conjugations Present tense je suis tu es il est nous sommes vous êtes ils sont Être can be used with the preposition à plus a stressed pronoun to indicate possession: Ce livre est à moi - This is my book. À qui est cet argent ? - Whose money is this? C'est à Paul - It's Paul's. More expressions with être: ça y est - that's it, it's done c'est ça - that's it, that's right c'est / on est / nous sommes + date - it's (date) en être - to take part in est-ce (que) - no literal translation; this expression is used to ask questions être à côté de la plaque - to not have a clue être de - to be at/in (figuratively) être en train de + infinitive - to be (in the process of) + present participle n'est-ce pas ? - right? isn't that so? soit - so be it, that is soit... soit... - either... or ... French Expressions with Faire Learn the many French expressions that require the verb faire. faire to do to make (theater) to be, to play 2 et 2 font quatre (math) 2 plus 2 equals four faire + infinitive (causative) to cause something to happen Le froid fait geler l'eau Cold makes water freeze. to have something done Je fais laver la voiture I'm having the car washed. faire + beau, mauvais, etc. weather expressions faire 5 kilomètres, 3 heures to go 5 km, be on the road for 3 hours faire acte de présence to put in an appearance faire à sa tête to act impulsively, to have one's way faire attention à to pay attention to, watch out for faire bon accueil to welcome faire cadeau des détails to spare the details faire de la peine à qqun to hurt someone (emotionally or morally) faire de la photographie to do photography as a hobby faire de l'autostop to hitchhike faire des bêtises to get into mischief faire des châteaux en Espagne to build castles in the air faire des économies to save up faire de son mieux to do one's best faire des progrès to make progress faire des projets to make plans faire du bricologe to do odd jobs, putter around faire du lard (familiar) to sit around doing nothing faire d'une pierre deux coups to kill two birds with one stone faire du sport to play sports faire du théâtre to be an actor, to do some acting faire du violon, piano to study violin, piano faire face à to oppose, face up to faire fi to scorn faire jour, nuit to be daylight, nightime faire la bête to act like a fool faire la bise / le bisou to kiss hello faire la connaissance de to meet (for the first time) faire la cuisine to cook faire la grasse matinée to sleep in, sleep late faire la lessive, le linge to do the laundry faire la moue, la tête to pout, sulk faire la queue to stand in line, to line up faire la sourde oreille to turn a deaf ear faire l'école buissonière to play hooky faire le jardin to do the gardening faire le lit to make the bed faire le marché, les achats to do the shopping faire le ménage, la vaisselle to do housework, dishes faire l'enfant to act like a child faire le pont to make it a long weekend faire les bagages, valises to pack faire les carreaux to do the windows faire les courses to run errands / to go shopping faire le tour de to go / walk around faire l'Europe to travel to / visit Europe faire l'idiot, le singe to act the fool faire mal à qqun to hurt someone faire part de qqch à qqun to inform someone about faire partie de to be a part of faire peau neuve to turn over a new leaf faire peur à qqun to frighten someone faire plaisir à qqun to please someone faire preuve de to display a quality / virtue faire sa toilette to get up and get dressed, to wash up faire savoir qqch à qqun to inform someone of something faire semblant de faire qqch to pretend to do something faire ses adieux to say good-bye faire ses amitiés à qqun to give one's regards to someone faire ses devoirs to do homework faire ses études à to study at faire ses quatre cents coups to sow one's wild oats, get in trouble, lead a wild life faire son bac to study for the baccalaureate faire son droit to study for a law degree faire son lit to make one's bed faire son possible to do one's best faire suivre (ses lettres) to forward (one's mail) faire toute une histoire de qqch to make a federal case of s.t. faire un beau couple to make a nice couple faire un cadeau à qqun to give someone a gift faire un clin d'oeil à to wink at faire un, des cours to give class(es) / to lecture faire une bêtise to make a blunder; do s.t. stupid faire une croix dessus to give up on / kiss s.t. goodbye faire une drôle de tête to make a strange / funny face faire une fugue to run away from home faire une gaffe to blunder, make a mistake faire une malle to pack a trunk faire une partie de to play a game of faire une promenade (en voiture) to take a walk, (a ride) faire une question to ask a question faire une réclamation to make a complaint faire une visite to pay a visit faire un tour (en voiture) to take a walk, (a ride) faire un voyage to take a trip faire venir l'eau à la bouche to make one's mouth water Top French Verbs Most common French verbs Of the thousands of French verbs, there are a few that get used far more than the rest, so you need to make sure that you know what they mean and how to use and conjugate them. Here are lessons and conjugations for the 10 most common French verbs. Once you've looked those over, try the conjugation quizzes for a quick analysis of your conjugation expertise. ÊTRE - TO BE AVOIR - TO HAVE FAIRE - TO DO, MAKE DIRE - TO SAY, TELL ALLER - TO GO VOIR - TO SEE SAVOIR - TO KNOW(FACT,HOW TO) POUVOIR - TO BE ABLE VOULOIR - TO WANT CONNAÎTRE-TO KNOW (PERSON,PLACE,SUBJECT) French Pronominal Voice and Pronominal Verbs French verbs that require a reflexive pronoun s'approcher de to approach s'asseoir to sit down se baigner to bathe, swim se brosser (les cheveux, les dents) to brush (one's hair, one's teeth) se casser (la jambe, le bras) to break (one's leg, one's arm) se coiffer to fix one's hair se coucher to go to bed se couper to cut oneself se déshabiller to get undressed se doucher to take a shower se fâcher to get angry s'habiller to get dressed se laver (les mains, la figure) to wash (one's hands, one's face) se lever to get up se maquiller to put on makeup se marier (avec) to get married (to) se moquer de to make fun of (someone else) se moucher to blow one's nose se peigner to comb one's hair se promener to take a walk se raser to shave se regarder to look at oneself se reposer to rest se réveiller to wake up se souvenir de to remember Voir - French Expressions The French verb voir literally means to see, and is used in a number of idiomatic expressions. voir to see to imagine to understand (ah, je vois !) voir à to see to it that, to make sure that (literary) voir 36 chandelles to see stars voir la vie en rose to see life through rose-colored voir venir wait and see avoir quelque chose à voir avec/dans to have something to do with en faire voir de dures à qqun to give someone a hard time en faire voir de toutes les couleurs to give someone a hard time faire voir 36 chandelles à qqun to beat the living daylights out of someone ne pas avoir grand-chose à voir avec/dans to not have much to do with ne rien avoir à voir avec/dans to have nothing to do with ne voir aucun mal à qqchose to not see any harm in something n'y voir goutte to not see a thing n'y voir que du feu to be completely fooled Cela n'a rien à voir avec... That has nothing to do with... C'est mal vu. People don't like that. C'est quelque chose qui ne se voit pas tous les jours. There's something you don't see every day. C'est tout vu. It's a foregone conclusion. Essaie un peu pour voir ! Just you try it! Fais voir ! Show me! histoire de voir just to see Il faut voir. We'll (have to wait and) see. Il en a vu des vertes et des pas mûres. He has taken some hard knocks.