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Test Items Chapter 2, The Brain NeurotransmissionNeuropeptides= neurotransmitter that is associated with pain, pleasure, and mood… Regulate the activity of other neurons Affect memory Pain Emotion Pleasure Moods Hunger Sexual behavior Example = Enkephalins are opiate like neuro-regulators (Neuropeptides) that relieve pain and stress. Broca’s Area (speech center) Located in the left, frontal lobe Production of language Grammar Pronunciation Slow labored speech AphasiaImpaired ability to use language Wernicke’s Area Left Temporal Lobe Processing of meaning of words, Agnosia Problem in processing meaning language People can see the object but can’t name it Somatic Nervous System From sense organs and skeletal muscles Controls voluntary behavior Autonomic Nervous SystemSelf governing- serves internal organs and glands Both systems work together- emotional and involuntary behavior Internal organs Sympathetic Parasympathetic “Emergency system” Quiets body down “Fight or flight” Returns body to lower level of Arouses bodies for action arousal after emotional event Also- vital functions of heart rate and breathing, digestion Reflex Arc: Not part of the Somatic system Spinal nerves carry sensory and motor messages to and from the spinal cord Not to the brain Cerebellum- regulates posture, Coordination Walking Running playing catch Muscle tone Muscular coordination Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongata: Basic survival functions Regulating heart rate Respiration Blood pressure Controls reflexes- vomiting, swallowing, sneezing Reticular Formation- inside the Medulla Sends messages from brain stem Manages sleep and attentiveness Attention and wakefulness Selective Keeps us vigilant and awake The Pons connects brain and influences sleep-arousal Reticular Activating System (RAS) Continuously stimulates cortex Limbic System:= Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus Strong role in producing emotion- motivated behavior Rage Fear Sexual response Intense Arousal Also associated with pleasure (Pleasure pathways) Drugs stimulate the limbic System The primitive core associated with emotion Amygdala: (Forebrain) Close link to fear Help us react to dangerous stimuli- through quick fear response The Thalamus- “Switching station” for sensory messages Vision Hearing Taste Touch Injury to Thalamus can cause loss of senses (except Smell) Hypothalamus A major link between the brain and glandular system A crossroads of behaviorHormone release Control center of emotion Sex Rage Eating, drinking (Directs the pituitary gland) Hippocampus (in Temporal Lobes) Important for forming lasting memories Endocrine System= Hormones and behavior Endocrine Glands serve communication Secretes hormones into the blood or lymph system The Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Branch- releases hormones Released by adrenal gland Epinephrine Nor-epinephrine (Adrenaline) Associated with fear Hormones: Effect behavior Effect internal behavior Stress causes hormone output- from adrenal glands Androgens- “male hormone” Glands: Pituitary: The “Master Gland”- governs the function of the other glands: Thyroid Adrenal Ovaries/Testes Located at the base of the brain Regulates Growth Too much growth hormone = Acromegaly Pineal Gland Secrets Melatonin- regulates body rhythms & sleep Thyroid Gland Located in the neck Regulates metabolism Hyperthyroidism Overactive thyroid Person with tense, thin, excitable and nervous Hypothyroidism Under active thyroid In adult can cause in-activity, sleeplessness, obesity, and slowness In infantLeads to limited development of nervous system And severe mental retardation Adrenal Glands Back of ribcage above kidneys Adrenal Medulla is the source of Adrenalin + Nor epinephrine Adrenal cortex Produces Corticoids- adjust to stressRegulate salt balance Secondary source of sex hormone