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Wks#1
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How we know about the Greeks
Although the Ancient Greeks lived about three thousand years ago, we know a lot about how they
lived. Our information comes from a variety of sources. Archaeologists have dug up many Ancient
Greek objects and buildings. Important sites have been excavated in Greece and in the places that the
Greeks colonized. Marine archaeologists have found the wrecks of several Ancient Greek ships, some
with their cargoes preserved. Greek objects have also been found in countries where they were taken
by traders. For example, Minoan pots made on Crete have been dug up in Egyptian tombs.
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Pots are some of the most useful archaeological discoveries. The Greeks decorated many of their
pots with pictures of everyday life. These scenes gave experts much information about what the
Greeks looked like, what they wore, where they lived and furniture were like, and the kind of lives
they lived.
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When the Romans occupied Greece in the second century B.C., they were fascinated by the
buildings, statues and paintings that they discovered there. They were so impressed by Greek art
that they made copies of many statues and paintings. A large number of Roman copies have
survived, although the originals have been lost.
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The Greeks wrote on scrolls made out of a plant called papyrus. This rots easily, so very few
original manuscripts have been found. However Greek writings have survived because people from
ancient times onwards made copies of them. The copies include works by many Greek writers about
history, philosophy and politics, as well as plays and poems. Coins, clay tablets and inscriptions on
monuments and buildings provide other written evidence.
Wks#2
The First Greeks
The area now called Greece consisted of a land-mass on the north-eastern edge of the
Mediterranean Sea and the surrounding islands. The first inhabitants arrived in Greece about 40,000
years ago. They lived in caves hunted and gathered food. Some time before 6000 B.C., farming was
introduced by new groups of people from the east who settled in eastern Greece.
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Around 3000 B.C., people in Greece discovered how to mix copper and tin to make
Bronze. They used it to make tools and weapons. These were harder and sharper than previous
ones, which had been made of bone or flint. The improved equipment made farming and building
easier. The period from 3000 B.C. to 1100 B.C. is known as the Bronze Age.
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As farming became more efficient, many farmers had a surplus of produce which could be
exchanged for goods. Some people made a living as craftsmen by selling their goods instead of
growing food. Trade made people more prosperous, the population increased and some villages
grew into towns.
From 2600B.C. to 2000 B.C. the people of Cyclades were particularly prosperous. Craftsmen
produced fine goods and there was much trade between the islands. However, the Cyclades were
too small to develop further and it was the island of Crete that the first great European civilization
began.
Athens
Worksheet # 3The Acropolis is a flat-topped hill standing about 200 feet above the rest of the city of Athens. On it
stands the Parthenon, which is sometimes called the most beautiful building ever built by man. The
word Acropolis means "higher city." Athens began as a fort built on that hill. Later a town grew at its
base, and eventually the town became a city. In time the Acropolis was turned into a beautiful place
with many fine temples.
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At the base of the hill are the ruins of two outdoor theaters with marble seats. Athenians, rich and
poor, loved to sit under the clear blue sky and watch plays. There was only one way up the rocky
hillside, through a fine stone gateway and up a flight of stairs.
The marble of the Parthenon has turned yellow with age. After all, the temple is about 2500 years
old! It was built to honor Athena, the greatest goddess of the ancient Greeks. Athens was the
goddess of war and of wisdom. People said that she sprang, dressed in armor, from the head of her
father Zeus, after he had swallowed her mother, Métis.
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The Greeks believed that Athena protected their cities in war and in peace, and that she had given
them the olive tree. In the middle of the Acropolis stood a huge bronze statue of her. Another statue
of Athena, this one of ivory and gold, stood in the Parthenon. It was sculpted by Phidias and was
about 40 feet tall.
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There are eight columns across the front of the Parthenon, 17 on each side, and 8 across the back,
for a total of 46. The middle of each column is slightly thicker than the base. Each column is tilted
inward. The 4 corner columns are a bit fatter than the other 42. All the horizontal lines of the temple
are slightly curved. But when we take a quick look at the Parthenon, all the lines seem to be straight.
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Running around the temple was a magnificent frieze with carvings of people and horses. However,
in 1801, a man called the Earl of Elgin got permission from the Turks (who governed Greece at that
time) to remove the frieze and take it to England. Nowadays people can see these 88 beautiful pieces,
called the Elgin marbles, in the British Museum in London. Greece would like to have them back, but
the British argue that they can take better care of the sculptures.
Poems of Homer; Greek Gods and Goddesses
Worksheet 4:
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Long before either the Assyrians or the Persians became masters of great empires, the Greeks had
sailed forth to capture the rich palaces in Crete, to raid the delta in Egypt, and to attack the coasts of
what is now Turkey. The most famous of these journeys was the one against the wealthy city of Troy.
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Greece's attack on Troy took place about 1000 B. C. Many years later, the Greek Poet Homer wove
the tales and legends of the Trojan War into a book-length poem called The Iliad. He told how Paris,
a prince of Troy, stole Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king. Homer told about the great sea
expedition the Greeks sent against the Trojans. He described 10 years of fighting, bravery, and
trickery, the death of many heroes, and the final fall and of Troy.
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Another long poem by Homer, The Odyssey, tells of the adventures of Odysseus, one of the Greek
heroes of the war. The Odyssey is like a collection of fairy tales. It tells about Odysseus on his way
home from Troy. He has 10 years of adventures with sea monsters, giants, witches, and sirens. In the
end, he finally reaches home. His faithful wife, Penelope, is still waiting for him.
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Homer's poems give us a picture, though not complete, of Greek society about 3000 years ago. We
see heroes who were brave and generous friends, but quick to feel anger or hate. Personal glory was
what the Greek warrior wanted. In his chariot he cut through poorly-armed foot soldiers to fight
single-handed with champions from the enemy side.
In these stories, the gods play many important parts. As Homer described the gods, they are very
much like humans, but stronger, handsomer, and able to lead a life of ease forever on Mount
Olympus, their home.
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By telling different (stories) about the gods and goddesses, the Greeks explained their world and
the good and bad things that happened to people. Other poets besides Homer often wrote about the
gods. So did playwrights. Artists often made statues of the gods.
The Greeks worshiped many different gods and goddesses. They also adopted many of the gods of
the people among whom they settled. Over the years, the Greeks invented many stories about their
gods. Often there were 2, 3, or more versions of the same story.
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The most powerful of the gods, and the one who ruled as king on Mount Olympus, was called Zeus
(rhymes with juice). He was god of the sky, god of the weather, and was often shown as holding a
thunderbolt in his hand. He was pictured as a middle-aged man in excellent physical condition, with
long flowing hair and a full beard. He was supposed to be very wise.
Hera was queen of the gods and the wife of Zeus. She was the goddess of marriage and of children.
She was usually pictured as being motherly, beautiful, proud, sensitive, and jealous, and Zeus was
said to quarrel frequently with her.
Worksheet #5
The Role of Women
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Women in most states in ancient Greece led very sheltered lives and were not permitted to play an
active role in society. They could not take part in the running of the city, inherit or own property, or
conduct any legal transaction. They could not buy anything that cost over a certain amount of
money. Throughout their lives they were always under the control of a male
relative: First their
father, then their husbands, brother or son.
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A girl was only15 when she was married and her husband was likely to be much older. Plato said
that 30-35 was the best age for a man to marry. The girl’s father chose her husband and provided her
with money and goods, called a DOWRY. The dowry was taken care of by her husband, but was
return to her father if she were divorced or left a widow without children. The day before her
wedding the bride sacrificed her toys to the goddess Artemis as a sign that her childhood was ending.
On the wedding day, the bride wore white. Both families made sacrifices and feasted.
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In the evening, the bridegroom went to the bride's house. This was often
the first time that
the bride and groom met. The bride and groom then rode to his house, in a chariot if they were rich
or a cart if they were poor. On the following day both families met at the husband’s house for a party
and presents were given.
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In a wealthy house, a bride had many duties. Each day she inspected the food stores, and ensured
that the household was clean and tidy and that meals were ready on time. She looked after the
children and any sick member of the household, and managed the family finances. The women of the
household produced all the cloth needed for clothes and furnishings. Spinning and weaving
therefore occupied a large amount of a wife's time.
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accompanied
parties
allowed
religious
shopping.
did not Athens
had
In Athens, married women from good families did not often leave the house. They normally went
out only for religious festivals and family celebrations, or to do small bits of personal shopping.
Whenever they went out they were accompanied by slaves. Sometimes they were allowed to visit
their girlfriends. Men and women only mixed at strictly family parties. Generally, the richer the
family the less freedom the wife had.
Government by the People in Athens
Worksheet 6:
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The Greeks called government by the people a democracy. We still use their word, but our
democracy is different from that of the Greeks. The most democratic of the Greek city-states was
Athens. In that city the citizens carried on the business of government themselves. They met in a
large assembly three times a month to consider affairs of the city. During the all-day sessions,
citizens discussed all sorts of public business. They debated and voted on laws. They declared war
and decided when to make peace. Only male citizens could be in the assembly, and not all of them
actually attended. Even so, the assembly had thousands of members.
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When a matter came before the assembly, a herald called out, "Who wishes to speak?" Older
citizens were heard _first. Then the younger men had their chance. The right to be heard did not
mean the right to be heard for hours and hours. Speeches were timed by a jar of water with a hole in
the bottom. When the water ran out, the speaker had to stop. Without such rules the assembly
would not have passed many laws.
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Governing means that lots of decisions have to be made. Should there be a new law? The
man who voted for it knew he would have to live under it. Should Athens go to war? The man who
voted for war new that he or his sons would have to fight in it. To carry out the laws, Athens had
committees of citizens. One committee collected money for the city. Another checked weights and
measures used by the merchants in the market. Still another committee made sure that watchmen
walked the streets at night.
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Council of 500 was in charge of the city affairs. Citizens took turns serving on the Council. Every
year they drew names for the Council, just as we sometimes draw names to be winners of prizes.
Since no man could serve more than twice on the Council, most citizens had a chance to serve.
We may not think that drawing names was a wise way to choose officials. But it gave everyone a
fair chance. It was one kind of government by the people. The Athenian kind of democracy would
not work in a large country such as ours. All the citizens of the U. S. could never meet in one huge
assembly to make laws. In the U. S., the people elect representatives to govern for them. This form of
government is called a republic. It, too, is government by the people. It is one way to carry out the
Greek idea in the modern world.
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The Athenians believed in the value of freedom. They proudly believed that they were "the freest
of the free." They said that in Athens men could "live as they pleased."
Freedom did not mean that there were no laws in Athens. An Athenian leader named Pericles
explained, "We obey those whom we put in positions of authority, and we obey the laws themselves."
There were 2 kinds of laws: those which the people themselves made, and "the great unwritten laws
which it is known to be a shame to break." If you murdered someone or stole his property, you
broke the unwritten law. Other places had written and unwritten laws very much like those in
Athens. But in Athens the people themselves--not a king or a tyrant--had the responsibility of
enforcing laws.
The Athenians did not always use their freedom wisely. They sometimes chose to do foolish or evil
things rather than wise or good ones. Athens declared some unjust wars. At times the Athenians
refused to listen to the advice of their wisest men. This is the risk of freedom.
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Why do people want freedom? When a Persian asked a Greek why his people fought even when
greatly outnumbered, the Greek replied: "You do not know what freedom is. If you did, you would
fight for it with bare hands if you had no weapons." To people who have been free, there is no
question of whether freedom is good.
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In Athens, (everyone was perfect; people sometimes did bad or silly things).
In Athens, it was (a written law; an unwritten law) that you should not commit murder.
In those days, (Persians; Athenians) had freedom.
Copy these statements in the side of the chart where they belong.
All adults 18 and older, except prisoners, can vote.
All citizens met to make laws.
Representatives are elected: they meet and make laws.
Only free men, no slaves or women, could vote.
Democracy in Athens 2400 Years Ago
Democracy in the United States Today
SOME GREEK GODS & OTHER MYTHOLOGICAL BEINGS
Worksheet 7
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Achilles: Greek hero of the Trojan War. was killed by a
poisoned arrow that struck his heel.
Aesculapius: god of medicine and healing and son of Apollo.
Aphrodite (Roman name Venus): goddess of love. The Greeks said she had no childhood but simply
sprang, fully grown and beautiful, and became foam of the sea.
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Apollo (Roman name the same, Apollo). also called Helios or Phoebus.: Father god of the sun, of music,
poetry, truth, and prophecy. Loved included Calliope (mother of Orpheus) and the nymph Clymene.
Aesculapius and the Heliades were two of his children Ares (Roman name Mars): god of war.
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Artemis (Roman. name Diana): twin sister of Apollo. goddess of the moon and of hunting. Athena,
Athene, or Pallas. (Roman name Minerva): goddess of War and wisdom, of & of arts & crafts. sprang
from Zeus's head, full- grown & wearing armor. Atlas: a Titan who had to hold the world on his
shoulders.
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Calliope: muse of epic poetry. Mother of Orpheus. Castor: and Pollux: twins hatched out of an egg.
After they died, they became stars in the constellation Gemini. Chiron: a centaur (had the head and
shoulders of a man and the body of a horse). An excellent teacher. taught Hercules, Achilles,
Philoctetes, Aesculapius, and Jason.
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Cronus: King of the Titans. Stomach was cut by his son Zeus.
Cyclops: A giant with only one eye in the middle of his forehead.
Daphne: a beautiful maiden who was chased by Apollo. Zeus
changed her into a laurel so that Apollo could not marry her.
Demeter (Roman name Ceres): goddess of growing plants. mother of Persephone.
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Dryads: nymphs who lived in the woods.
Eris: Goddess of discord (arguments).
Eros (Roman name Cupid): and Aphrodite's son.
Gorgons: 3 sisters with snakes for hair. They
were so horrible that anyone who looked at them was turned to stone.
Hades (Roman name Pluto): Living of the region under the Earth.
God of the dead and of wealth, since dead people were living in the earth, there were
many minerals and precious stones were mined from the Earth.
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Hephaestus (Roman name Vulcan): son of Zeus and Naiads. god of fire. Usually worked
as a metal-smith.
Hera (Roman name Juno): queen of gods & ___________ of Zeus.
Heracles (Roman name Hercules): known for being very strong.
Hermes (Roman name Mercury): Because he was so fast, he often served as a messenger for
Zeus. wore a winged cap and winged sandals.
Hestia (Roman name Vesta): Goddess of the home and of the fireplace.
Medusa: one of the Gorgons. Perseus killed her.
Minotaur: monster with the body of a man and the head of a bull.
.
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Nereids: sea nymphs.
Nymphs: lesser goddess' daughters of the evening star.
Pandora: created by Hephaestus at Zeus's request. a beautiful woman who opened the box
containing all the troubles and desires known to man.
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Poseidon (Roman. Name Neptune): god of the sea and father of Polyphemus, the Cyclops.
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Psyche: Goddess of the soul.
Rhea. Wife of Cronus. Their children were Zeus, Poseidon, Hades,
Demeter, Hera, and Hestia.
Theseus. Greek hero who killed the Minotaur.
Titans: Giant gods that were overthrown by the Olympian gods.
Zeus (Roman name Jupiter): king of the gods; god of the sky, and of weather. Main wife
was Hera. Other wives included Alcmena; Danae (mother of Perseus); Metis (mother of Athena).
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The early Greeks are said to have been the most imaginative people ever. They made up
fascinating stories about gods, Titans, nymphs, and creatures that were part human, part animal.
Later the Romans adopted many Greek gods but changed most of their names.
Using Worksheet 7 (SOME GREEK GODS & OTHER MYTHOLOGICAL BEINGS),
fill in this chart.
GREEK NAME
ROMAN NAME
IDENTIFICATION
Aphrodite
Apollo
Venus
Male or Female?
Goddess of love
Male or Female?
Mars
Male or Female?
Diana
Male or Female?
Minerva
Male or Female?
Ceres
Male or Female?
Cupid
Male or Female?
Pluto
Male or Female?
God of love
Vulcan
Male or Female?
Juno
Male or Female?
demigod (his mother was a human) very strong
Mercury
Male or Female?
Vesta
Male or Female?
Proserpine
Male or Female?
Neptune
Male or Female?
Jupiter
Male or Female?
wife of P_ _ _ _
More Greek Gods
Worksheet 8:
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Because Apollo had teased him, Eros shot Apollo with an arrow that caused love. With another
arrow he shot a beautiful maiden called Daphne. Because of this act, Apollo loved Daphne, but she
did not return the feeling. When Apollo chased Daphne, she ran away. The faster he chased her, the
faster she ran. Finally, when he was about to overtake her, she prayed to the gods to save her, and
Daphne was changed into a laurel tree. In her memory, Apollo adopted the laurel tree as one of his
symbols.
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Once a young hunter was lost in the woods and wandered about looking for his friends. He came
upon Artemis as she was preparing to bathe in a pool. She was so angry at being seen that she threw
a jar of water into his face and changed him into a deer. His own dogs began to chase him. He ran
for some time, but they overtook and killed him.
Pluto also called Hades. Ruler of the region under the earth. god of the dead and of wealth, since
dead people were buried in the earth, and a great many minerals and precious stones were mined
from the earth. He was pictured as being gloomy and unpleasant.
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Demeter. Goddess of growing plants. She had a beautiful daughter, Persephone, whom she loved
very much. One day Pluto saw Persephone and fell in love with her. He kidnapped her and carried
her away to his kingdom under the earth. Demeter did not know what had happened to her
daughter. She was very unhappy and stopped all the plants from growing. She said, "They shall not
grow again until my daughter returns." Finally, Zeus took pity on Demeter and ordered Pluto to
restore Persephone to her mother. However, since Persephone had eaten a part of a pomegranate in
the land of death, she had to return to that unpleasant place at regular intervals. Persephone had to
spend 1/3 of each year in the lower regions as Pluto's queen. This explained the rebirth of plants in
the spring (the yearly return of Persephone to her mother) and the death of plants in the fall
(Persephone had gone to the underworld and Demeter was mourning her again).
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Ares. The powerful god of war. He carried a shield and spear and wore a great shining helmet with
a long plume. He was fond of bloodshed and often joined in the battles of mortal men. Ares was
brutal and pitiless and most of the other gods disapproved of him.
Poseidon. God of the sea. Had a great flowing beard, sometimes with bits of seaweed in it. In his
hand he carried a trident (a staff with 3 barbed prongs at the end.) He could make the sea rough or
calm, depending on his mood, and sailors were careful not to anger him.
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Hermes. god of the wind, trade, travelers, and shepherds. Because he was supposed to be the
quickest of the gods, he often served as a messenger for Zeus. He wore a cap with two wings on it
and also winged_ shoes. Hestia goddess of the homes of men. one of the gentlest and most loved of
all the Greek goddesses. Said to watch over every household and to protect the people in it. The
hearth fire in every home was sacred to her.
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Prometheus. a giant, or titan, who lived with the gods on Mount Olympus, was thought to be a great
benefactor of mankind and the one who stood up for men against the hot temper of Zeus. When
Prometheus saw how helpless men were, he wanted to do something to make them stronger. He
knew that men needed fire, and there was fire on Mount Olympus. Although forbidden to do so,
Prometheus took a burning torch from Mount Olympus and gave fire to man. This made Zeus very
angry. He had Prometheus chained to a huge rock. Every day an eagle came and sank its beak into
his flesh. Every day the eagle ate the liver of Prometheus, but every night the liver grew back again
so that the eagle could eat it again the next day.
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Pandora. When Zeus found out that he was not able to take fire away from man, he decided to
punish man for having it. He had Hephaestus a beautiful woman whose name was Pandora. He sent
Pandora to the earth and gave her a Pandora box. In this box were the troubles and desires that ever
bothered man. Pandora was told never to open the box, but as time went on she began to wonder
what was inside. Finally, determined to find out, she lifted the lid and with that all the troubles flew
out. Luckily, Pandora shut the box before hope, which was down at the bottom, managed to escape.
Because of that, hope has always remained to help man with his troubles.
POTTERY
WORKSHEET #9
Greek pottery was intended for everyday use. But as well as being functional, it was often
beautifully decorated with paintings. The pictures on many pots show scenes from everyday life
which has given us vital information about how the Greeks lived.
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How Pots Were Made
Potters were skilled craftsmen who made a variety of things, including large storage jars, fine black
and red figure ware, cooking pots, lamps and perhaps even roof tiles. The more decorative pots were
usually made by two people, although sometimes one man did both jobs. Pots were often signed on
the bottom by both the potter and artist. In Athens the potters had their own quarters, which
were known as the Kerameikos. Greek workshops were usually small and employed only
five or six men.
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What Pottery Means
Archaeologists have dug up many Ancient Greek objects and tombs. Important sites have been
excavated in Greece and in the places that the Greeks colonized. Marine archaeologists have found
the wrecks of several Ancient Greek ships, some with their cargoes preserved. Greek objects have
also been found in countries where they were taken by traders. For example, Minoan pots made on
Crete have been dug up in Egyptian buildings.
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Pots are some of the most useful archaeological discoveries. The Greeks decorated many of their
pots with pictures of everyday life. These scenes have given experts much information about what
the homes looked like, what they wore, what their homes and furniture were like, and the kind of
lives they lived. When the Romans occupied Greece in the second century B.C., they were fascinated
by the buildings, statues and paintings that they discovered there. They were so impressed by Greek
art that they made copies of many statues and paintings. A large number of these Roman copies have
survived, although the originals have been lost.
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The Greeks wrote on scrolls were made out of a plant called papyrus. This rots easily, so very few
original manuscripts have been found. However, Greek writings have survived because people from
Roman times onwards made copies of them. The copies include works by many Greek writers about
history, philosophy and politics, as well as plays and poems. Coins, clay tablets and inscriptions on
monuments and buildings provide other written evidence.
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RISE OF MACEDONIA
Wks#10
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Macedonia lies in the northeast of Greece. The Macedonian people claimed to be descendants of
Macedon, son of Zeus. But, they considered Macedonia to be a cultural and political backwater,
whose inhabitants were little better than barbarians. Although the Macedonians spoke Greek, they
had such a strong accent that it was said to be impossible to understand them.
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During the 6th and 5th centuries B.C., Macedonia was invaded many times. In 399 B.C. the king
was murdered and the country entered 40 years of instability and civil war. This ended with the
accession of Philip II in 359 B.C. When he came to the throne, Macedonia had lost a lot of its territory
and was split by political rivalries. Many of their soldiers had been killed and the country was
impoverished.
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However, within 25 years Philip had united the country, extended the frontiers and turned
Macedonia into the greatest military power of the day. He was a brilliant soldier and organizer, a
speaker and a cunning diplomat with great personal charm. Even critics, such as the Athenian
politician Demosthenes, saw him as a threat to democracy and independence.
PHILIP'S DEATH
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Philip had several wives, but only one queen, Olympias. Her son, Alexander, was accepted as
Philip's heir. In 337 B.C. Philip took another wife, Cleopatra, and set Olympias aside. He was
assassinated soon after. The assassin could have been a political opponent, but it is also possible that
Olympias or Alexander had paid him.
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In A.D. 1977 archaeologists discovered a new tomb in the royal graveyard at Vergina. In the inner
chamber they found a casket, containing the cremated remains of a man aged 40-50 years. Experts
have since been able to piece together the skull. It had a hole near the right eye. This proves that it
was almost certainly Philip, who had been hit in the face by an arrow and lost his eye. Philip's tomb
was buried under a mound of earth, which protected it from grave robbers.
Alexander the Great
Worksheet 11:
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Macedon (called Macedonia on today's maps) was just northeast of the Greek peninsula. There
were Greek colonies along its coast. The people of Macedon spoke a language closely related to
Greek. Around 370 B. C., the king of Macedon, Philip, seized some gold mines. He used this great
wealth to keep the tribesmen employed as his army. In this way he knit the tribes together into a
powerful Macedonian kingdom.
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As a young man, Philip had spent 3 years in a Greek city. There he adopted the Greek idea that the
Greeks were "civilized" and all others were "barbarians." Philip's son, Alexander, was given a Greek
education. His teacher was Aristotle, the leading philosopher in Athens after the death of Plato.
Philip's goal was to use his mostly "barbarian" army to make himself leader and ruler of the
"civilized" world. Athens lost to Philip at the battle of Chaeronea in 338 B. C. The Greeks were
forced to furnish Philip with troops for war against Persia. But Philip did not live to invade Persia.
That was done by his remarkable son, Alexander the Great.
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Alexander scored an important victory over the Persians. Then he traveled to a city called
Gordian, where the sacred chariot of an ancient king stood, fastened with a knot. It was said that
whoever could untie the knot would become master of Asia. Alexander puzzled a moment over the
knot, and then cut through it with his sword.
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Alexander's armies were on their way to spectacular victories. Each conquest only made
Alexander want more. He was not satisfied with placing himself on the throne of the Persian kings.
Instead, Alexander pushed on toward what he thought were the ends of the earth. (At this time the
Greeks knew nothing about China.) From Asia Minor to Syria, to Egypt, and back again around the
Fertile Crescent into Iran, he led his Greek and Macedonian armies. Alexander spent many years
conquering cities near the Roof of the World, in the region that is modern Afghanistan. He also
marched into India, conquering the Indus Valley. At the height of his power Alexander ruled more
territory and more people than any leader up to that time.
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Alexander depended on the soldiers who followed him in the constant campaigns. His armies were
tremendously loyal to their dashing leader. But even the greatest loyalty can be pushed too far.
After Alexander had conquered the Indus Valley and was about to go on east to the Ganges River, his
soldiers rebelled and he was forced to turn back. While planning new conquests, Alexander died of a
fever. He was only 33. The empire was divided among his generals, into 3 main parts.
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The Trojan War
Worksheet 12:
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The Greek Poet Homer gets the credit for writing The Iliad. This very long poem (as long as a book) tells the
story of a very long war (10 years long). It was fought between the Trojans and the Greeks, and is known as
the Trojan War. According to the story, the king of Troy had a son named Paris. Paris fell in love with Helen,
the wife of a Greek king named Menelaus, and took her back to Troy with him. Menelaus was heartbroken and
angry, and asked the other Greek leaders to help him recapture Helen. For 2 years the Greeks collected an
army and many ships. At last they set sail. Troy was strong, however, and not to be taken easily. For years,
the Greeks camped near the city and fought with the people of Troy. Many fierce battles were fought, but in
none of them were the Greeks able to capture the city. The Trojans, for their part, could not drive the Greeks
away.
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The greatest fighter among the Greeks was a hero named Achilles. No one in the Trojan army could defeat
him. There was a good reason for this. It was believed that Achilles was magically protected from any wounds
except those he might receive in his heel. One day, after a quarrel with one of the Greek leaders, Achilles said
that he would no longer fight against the Trojans. Without him, the Greeks had no hope of defeating the Trojan
army. They were forced back, and it seemed as if all were lost. Finally, the best friend of Achilles, Patroclus,
asked if he might borrow Achilles' armor. When the Trojans saw the man in Achilles' armor, they thought that
the hero himself was again coming against them. Most of them ran away, but one great Trojan warrior, Hector,
stood his ground. The 2 men fought, and Hector killed Achilles' friend.
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When Achilles heard that Patroclus was dead, he entered the fight again. He fought Hector outside the walls
of Troy, and killed him. Achilles took the armor from the body of Hector and tied the dead warrior behind his
chariot. Then he drove around the city, dragging Hector's body after him, while the Trojans stood on the walls
and cried. Soon afterward, Paris shot a poisoned arrow at Achilles. It struck him in the heel, the only place in
which he could be wounded. Achilles died of the poison from the arrow. Then Paris himself was killed.
The Trojan War had been going on for more than 9 years, but the Greeks were no nearer to capturing the city
of Troy than when they had first landed. Perhaps they never would have taken it except for an idea suggested
by a Greek leader, Odysseus. That idea was the famous wooden horse.