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COMMENTS ON MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS CHAPTER 13
1. (A) Boccaccio’s stories often involve satirical criticisms of Renaissance clergymen
from popes to parish priests, thus exhibiting “anti-clericalism.” King Henry VIII of
England wrote Defense of the Seven Sacraments as a protest against Martin Luther.
Throughout his life Henry was an ardent Catholic. Ironically, that remained true even
after his formal break with the Vatican and the establishment of the Anglican Church.
Early Anglican ritual was virtually indistinguishable from Catholic ritual. For his defense
of the sacraments and his timely attack on Luther, Pope Leo X granted Henry the official
title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) in 1521. The title was recognized by
Parliament in 1544 and has been borne by every British monarch since Henry, even
though the title proved quite embarrassing to the Pope after Henry’s break with Rome.
The Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas was perhaps the most important work of
scholastic philosophy. Aquinas was a scholastic of the 13th century. Exsurge Domine
(Rise up, O Lord) was a papal bull (proclamation) issued by Pope Leo X on June 15,
1520. In it he condemned 41 ideas found in Martin Luther’s writings, ordered all of his
books to be publicly burned, ordered him never to preach again and commanded him to
recant (renounce his false doctrines) within 60 days or suffer excommunication.
2. (D) The key phrase here is “at the beginning of the Renaissance,” around 1350 when
overseas trade was the fountain of Italian wealth. Later, Italian wealth would be
diversified into banking and international finance—a form of investment of the excess
capital in Italian hands. Mining took place in Northern Europe, particularly in Germany
and England, but was not significant in Italy. Manufactured goods of all types remained
relatively rare and expensive until the Industrial Revolution, which began in England
around 1750. The sale of religious artifacts and icons had been steady for centuries and
remains so today, but few vast fortunes come from such a source of revenue.
3. (C) See Machiavelli in your Identification handout. Sforza was one of the despots of
Milan, Lorenzo de Medici was the most prominent of the de Medici line at Florence,
Charles VIII was the King of France who invaded Italy in 1494 and Sir John Hawkwood
was one of the leading condottieri of the Renaissance. Although from England, he served
the Visconti of Milan and the Florentines during the late 1300’s. He died in Florence in
1394, and his body was later removed to his native England.
4. (B) Leon Battista Alberti was an Italian humanist, architect, artist and artistic theorist
of the 15th century. He produced major works on the theory of art, on education, on
ethics and on social life in Renaissance Italy. His theories inspired a generation of Italian
architects. Other works dealt with domestic animals, religion and the priesthood, law,
politics, government, mathematics, mechanics, literature and language. He wrote
instructional texts for those painters wishing to learn the new technique of perspective art.
He also composed poetry and fables, pioneered the science of surveying and is said to
have developed plans for the improvement of the city of Rome. For his incredibly diverse
interests and talents, he is often considered, along with Leonardo, the quintessential
Renaissance Man. Aeneas Silvius (Italian Aeneo Silvio ), incidentally, was the name of
the churchman who took the title Pope Pius II. He reigned from 1458 to 1464.
5. (E) The only two logical answers are D and E. Charles VIII of France invaded Italy in
1494, signalling a new round of city-state conflicts certainly. But the decisive event was
the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V’s brutal sack of Rome in 1527. Pope Clement VII
was made a virtual prisoner within the Vatican, and the Italian countryside was destroyed
for miles around Rome. Artistic treasures of inestimable value were put to the torch.
Soldiers mercilessly pillaged, murdered and raped, even within the sacred precincts of the
Vatican. After 1527, the cultural center of the Renaissance moved into Northern Europe,
to Germany, Flanders and the Netherlands.
6.(B) See your Identification handout. Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto was an epic
work of the Renaissance which influenced the later writing of British poets Lord Byron
and Edmund Spenser. The Stanze per la Giostra was a lyrical love poem by the Italian
humanist poet Angelo Poliziano, more commonly called Politian. He lived in the late
1400’s.
7. (A) See Christian Humanism and Civic Humanism .
8. (D) Erasmus, a leader of the Christian humanist movement, advocated Church reform
and the adoption of a simple Christian piety, such as that introduced to him by the
Brethren of the Common Life. If God could be approached directly, without the
intercession of a priest, as some of the Brethren maintained and as many humanists
claimed, then the centuries-old bureaucratic structure of the Catholic church was
threatened. Humanists were not atheists or advocates of amoral philosophical views.
Scholasticism and Neo-Platonism were consistent with Christian views.
9. (A) See Praise Of Folly and Desiderius Erasmus . The Birth of Venus is a painting by
Botticelli, Utopia is a novel by Sir Thomas More, The Prince is a political tract by
Machiavelli and Don Quixote is a novel by Cervantes.
10. (D) See Michel De Montaigne .
11. (B)
12. (B) On the contrary, humanists believed that Greek and Roman authors of the
classical age were far superior to the writers of their day. For that reason they took
authors like Cicero as their models, in order to improve their writing skills. Although
humanists were not atheists, they did often challenge long-revered principles of Christian
theology. They were also instrumental in the preservation of classical texts and keen
advocates of classical scholarship.
13. (B) The Renaissance was the last age in which Latin would serve as the universal
language of science and international scholarship. All other entries are correct.
14. (C) All other entries are false. See Desiderius Erasmus .
15. (C) Henry Tudor prevailed at the Battle of Bosworth and established the Tudor
Dynasty. English holdings in France were lost in the Hundred Years’ War. Anglicanism
was established by King Henry VIII in the 1500’s. Henry also put an end to monasticism
in England and seized monastic properties for his own use. England and Scotland were
not unified until 1707.
16. (C) See Peace of Lodi . Suleiman the Magnificent, incidentally, was the Sultan or
leader of the Ottoman Turks in the early 1500’s.
17. (A) Humanists in general saw the medieval age as a Dark Age and ignored it. They
refused to believe that their own age was a direct outgrowth of medieval history.
18. (C) Feudalism is a social system which is particularly suited to societies where there
is little or no money in circulation. It was common during the European medieval age.
The system is based upon interpersonal relationships and mutual pledges of loyalty.
Usually land is the symbol of trust between individuals in the feudal system.
19. (A) Sadly, the Popes of the Renaissance were little more than secular monarchs in
command of church properties. Their religious duties were often the least of their
concerns. This situation led increasingly to cries for reform and ultimately resulted in the
Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.
20. (C) All other literary works listed here are the products of later ages. Only Don
Quixote is a Renaissance work.
21. (B) The only other response possible would be A. But the Jews of Judah were carried
into exile by the Chaldaeans. The Persians allowed them to return home from Babylon to
their native Judah. See Babylonian Captivity .
22. (B) See Machiavelli . All other responses but C refer to periods outside the
Renaissance. Europe’s 16th century religious wars were fought in Northern Europe for
the most part, not in solidly Catholic Italy.
23. (B) An Italian term for the rule of despots. Oligarchies (Greek for “rule by a few”) are
essentially ruling councils. Theocracies are states run by churchmen. Democracies are
ruled by citizens, and utopian communities are largely fictional societies from literature.
24. (A) Italian city-states of the Renaissance fought bitterly. An uneasy Italian political
unity was only achieved in the late 19th century.
25. (C) Incidentally, Francois Rabelais wrote Pantagruel , not Montaigne.
26. (B) See Lorenzo Valla and the Donation of Constantine .
27. (B) Only in Italy was it common during the Renaissance for cities to have the
political structure and autonomy of nations.
28. (E) Here the humanist commitment to classical literature and learning can be
glimpsed.
29. (A) Again, the humanist commitment to classical times can be seen. All other
responses are false.
30. (D) Women were often granted unusual access to education during the Renaissance,
although in previous ages education had been reserved solely for men.
31. (C) See Florence, The Ciompi, Cosimo De Medici and Lorenzo the Magnificent.
32. (D) Italy was the birthplace of the Renaissance. The standards it set later spread to
Northern Europe.
33. (B) The scholastic philosophical movement declined in the High Middle Ages, and
the unquestioned authority of the Catholic Church in Europe waned after the reign of
Pope Innocent III in the early 1200’s.
34. (B) See War of the Roses . The House of Windsor rules England today. The House of
Hanover consisted of a dynasty of British Kings of German extraction, including George
I, II and III. They all ruled in the 1700’s. The House of Stuart was descended from
Scottish kings and ruled England during the 1600’s. The Plantagenet kings of England
were descended from Norman knights and ruled during the time of the Crusades (1100’s
and 1200’s.)
35. (B) See Venice .
36. (B) See Erasmus and Praise of Folly .
37. (C) See Christian Humanism . All other responses are false.
38. (C) See Cervantes .
39. (C) Italy was never centralized under a monarchy during the Renaissance. The other
responses are correct.
40. (B) See Machiavelli .
41. (B) The key to this problem is the word best . Both C and D are true to some extent,
but hardly emcompass the vast range of humanist interests. Both A and E are false, with
E being too extreme a response. Humanism was at best moderately secular or partially
secular in nature. Renaissance humanists, however, saw themselves as special players on
the stage of history. They were quite conscious of their privileged position in a world
poised for human investigation and exploration.
42. (C) Life was changing for Europe’s aristocrats during the Renaissance. Many of them
began to participate in commercial enterprises. Manorialism was on the wane, although it
would not completely disappear in Europe until the French Revolution. The term
“bourgeoisie” (pronounced “boorzh-wah-see”) refers to the middle class of merchants
and professionals that arose during the High Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The
lower classes of Europe were, in fact, largely unaffected by humanist thought. The
Renaissance can be called an elitist movement, in the sense that it affected only the social
elite or privileged classes, those capable of affording and acquiring a formal education.
Urbanization refers to the movement of populations into cities. Perhaps the Golden Age
of Renaissance art was the period from 1490 to 1515, a time when the greatest geniuses
of the age were actively pursuing their avid interests.
43. (A) This is a question testing your knowledge of the term “usury.”
44. (D) See Portugal in notes. (Western Heritage)
45. (E) See Spanish Empire notes. (Western Heritage)
46. (C) Spain & Portugal Rivalry
47. (B) Encomienda notes
48. (E) Discovery Notes
49. (E) Portugal notes
50. (C.)