Download B2 hints and tips

B2 Examination ‘hints and tips’
Candidates should:
B2.1 Cells and simple cell transport
B2.1.1 Cells and cell structure
Be able to label a sperm cell with cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
Be able to state two parts of a leaf cell which would not be found in a sperm cell.
Be able to give two ways in which a root hair cell is different from an animal cell.
Be able to add labels to a yeast cell for cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus and vacuole.
Be able to identify cell adaptations and link them to their function.
Be able to state why sperm cells need so many mitochondria.
Be able to explain how a leaf cell is specialised to carry out photosynthesis.
B2.1.2 Dissolved substances
Be able to name the process by which oxygen passes into a lung cell.
Be able to state two factors which affect the rate of diffusion.
B2.2 Tissues, organs and organ systems
B2.2.1 Animal organs
Be able to label a diagram of the digestive system, and describe the role of the different tissues in the stomach
Be able to appreciate the sizes of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
B2.2.2 Plant organs
Be able to label the main tissues in a leaf and describe the job of each layer.
B2.3 Photosynthesis
B2.3.1 Photosynthesis
Be able to explain the results from photosynthesis experiments.
Be able to complete a word equation for photosynthesis.
Be able to interpret line graphs to compare the rate of photosynthesis under different conditions.
Explain how conditions in greenhouses can be controlled to optimise the growth of plants.
Evaluate the benefits of artificially manipulating the environment in which plants are grown.
B2.4 Organisms and their environment
B2.4.1 Distribution of organisms
Describe a method to carry out random sampling of weeds using a quadrat.
Be able to process data and calculate the mean, median, mode and range for a set of data: 21, 24, 25, 21, 15, 18, 19, 21
Explain how sample size is important.
B2.5 Proteins – name some examples and their functions/ uses in the human body and / or in plants
B2.5.2 Enzymes
Describe what an enzyme is and how it works. Suggest why an enzyme cannot be killed.
Be able to state the names of the different types of digestive enzymes where they are produced and the reactions they catalyse.
Be able to interpret (describe and explain) graphs showing the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity.
Remember where bile is produced and then stored, and what its 2 main functions are.
Be able to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using enzymes in the home and industry.
Be able to name the enzymes used to convert: i) starch to glucose and ii ) glucose to fructose.
Be able to name the enzyme that digests stains containing fats.
B2.6 Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
B2.6.1 Aerobic respiration
Be able to complete a word equation for aerobic respiration.
Describe the test for carbon dioxide.
Be able to interpret line graphs and spirometer tracings to compare rate of breathing before, during and after exercise.
Be able to explain the advantages to the body of the breathing rate being much higher when running than walking.
Write equations and explain the conversion between glucose and glycogen in liver and muscle cells.
B2.6.2 Anaerobic respiration
Be able to complete equation for anaerobic respiration.
Be able to explain why muscles become fatigued during exercise.
Be able to explain how anaerobic respiration leads to an oxygen debt.
Write the word equation for the breakdown of lactic acid.
B2.7 Cell division and inheritance
B2.7.1 Cell division
To be able to interpret genetic diagrams.
P1 Phenotype
P1 genotype
P1 Gametes
Genetic cross
F1 genotype
F1 phenotype
Compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis.
Name the sources of stem cells in humans and suggest which is the best source.
Describe cell differentiation in plants and animals.
Be able to give one use of stem cells.
Be able to give one reason why some people might object to using stem cells from embryos.
B2.7.2 Genetic variation
Explain why gametes only have one set of chromosomes.
Explain why sexual reproduction results in variety.
Be able to use a punnett square to show the inheritance of sex.
Be able to draw and interpret genetic diagrams for polydactyl fingers
Explain why Mendel proposed the idea of separately inherited factors and why the importance of this discovery was not recognised until after his death.
Be able to draw and interpret genetic diagrams for Mendel’s study of the F1 and F2 in pea plants.
Define the terms homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype and genotype.
B2.7.3 Genetic disorders
Be able to use a family tree to explain why only some offspring inherit cystic fibrosis from a parent sufferer.
Be able to suggest one reason why people support and one reason why people are against the screening of embryos for the cystic fibrosis allele.
B2.8 Speciation
B2.8.1 Old and new species
Suggest reasons why the fossil record is incomplete.
Describe ways in which fossils are formed
Suggest reasons why scientists cannot be certain how life began on Earth.
Be able to explain what is meant by extinct.
Be able to give two reasons why some organisms are in danger of extinction.
Be able to give one reason why it is important to prevent species from becoming extinct.
Explain why some organisms become extinct.
Explain how new species arise using the term ‘isolation’ ( Include, explain and use the terms ‘genetic variation’, ‘natural selection’ and ‘speciation’)
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