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Islamic Civilization GRAPES Geography Islam religion began in Arabian Peninsula in 600’s Southwest Asia Dry & harsh High mountain ridge along western and southern edges of peninsula Little water and no permanent rivers Relied on Oasis – fertile place in desert where spring or well provide water Tribes were sedentary or nomadic – more loyal to tribes and family than rulers By A.D. 1000, had largest cities outside of China o Mecca o Damascus o Baghdad o Cordoba o Cairo Religion The Story of Muhammad o 570 – Muhammad born in Mecca (large trading and religious center o Uncle raised him until he married a wealthy, widowed merchant named Khadija o He became a successful in business o In 610 went to a cave to reflect on greed, corruption, and violence in Meccan society o Had a vision in the cave – Angel told him to preach God’s message o He returns to Mecca to tell Arabs about God, Allah o The Qur’an names religion Islam and followers Muslim o Forced to leave Mecca and settled in Medina “city of the prophet.” o In 630 returns to conquers Mecca and declares Islam the religion of Arabia o Dies two years later Religion=Islam and Followers=Muslims The Qur’an – most sacred text in Islam o Record of Muhammad’s visions over a period of 22 years o Tells the nature of Allah, creation, and human soul o It addresses moral, legal, and family questions The Sunnah, or traditions of the prophet o Tells about Muhammad’s words and actions – is based on stories from people who knew him during his lifetime o Provides a model for living a proper life Core Beliefs o Believe in existence of one God o Honor Muhammad as a prophet o Each person has an eternal soul o Believe in heaven and hell – God will judge and decide who will be saved Islam Today o Two main groups Sunnis – majority Islamic sect Shiites – largest minority sect o Fewer than 20% of Muslims are Arabs o Second largest religion Achievements House of Wisdom in Baghdad o Knowledge is sacred o Scholars translated works from Greece, Persia, and India o Created own works Philosopher o Ibn Rushd – tried to combine faith and reason Medicine o Had hospitals & pharmacies throughout empire o Ibn Sina – wrote medical encyclopedia that covered all known diseases and treatments at the time History of the World – Ibn Khaldun wrote a history of the world that tried to explain the rise and fall empires/dynasties Calligraphy – most sacred from of art Architecture - Mosques Decimal system based in Hindu numerals and concept of zero – spread to Europe and today called Arabic numerals Politics Living a proper life meant following God’s law as revealed in the Qur’an and the Sunnah The laws were collected in a legal code called the Sharia First four caliphate had close ties to Muhammad After death of fourth caliphate, the Umayyad family gained control of the caliphate and moved the capital from Medina to Damascus – First Dynasty Expansion to N. Africa, Spain, Central and South Asia In 700’s, rebels overthrew Umayyad family and put a new caliph from Abbasid family – moved capital to Baghdad In 900’s Turkish tribes eventually captured Baghdad – Abbasid family stay on throne but stripped of power In 1200’s, Mongols attacked Baghdad and killed last Abbasid caliph Individual Islamic states survived, each governed by own sultan or Muslim ruler – the greatest of these states became the Ottoman Empire Economics Height of Abbasid dynasty – strong economy o Strong central government o Single language Most famous products o Textiles – Egyptian cotton and Persian Rugs o Steel swords – Damascus o Leather goods – Cordoba Traders and merchants important in urban economy Between Mediterranean & Indian Oceans Parts of Europe, Africa, & Asia On land, travel by camel caravan Most famous routs was Silk Road – Baghdad to China Used letters of credit Asia o Silk o Paper o Dishes o Spices o Gems o Coconut o Tropical wood Africa o Gold o Salt North Europe o Amber o Furs Souk = marketplace o Center of life for merchants Social Structure Early days of caliphate – 4 classes o Arabs o Non-Arabs who converted to Islam o Christians and Jews o Slaves Over time, class lines softened and individuals could move up Men & women roles o Men support family o Women stay home Generally had fewer rights Marriages were arranges, but bride and groom had to approve Education had a strong religious basis – later could study other topic as a madrasa (religious school)