Download OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SITUATION

OVERVIEW OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SITUATION
In this issue of the communicable diseases surveillance
report, all notifications of infectious diseases received
during the year 2006 have been included. However,
notifications of cases seeking medical treatment in
Singapore for infectious diseases have been excluded
from selected morbidity statistics which reflect the status
in Singapore citizens, Singapore permanent residents
and foreigners residing in Singapore (i.e. non-citizens
who have not been granted permanent residence
status).
AIR-/DROPLET-BORNE DISEASES
In 2006, chickenpox and hand, foot and mouth disease
(HFMD) continued to contribute significantly to the
burden of air-/droplet-borne diseases. In 2006, 24,026
cases (535.8 per 100,000 population) of chickenpox and
15,282 cases (340.8 per 100,000 population) of HFMD
were notified.
were no reported cases of congenital rubella and three
termination of pregnancies as a result of maternal rubella
infection. The incidence of mumps was 844 cases (18.8
per 100,000 population) in 2006 compared with 1,004
cases (23.1 per 100,000 population) in 2005.
Ten sporadic cases of meningococcal infections were
also reported.
In 2006, 90 rubella cases (2.0 per 100,000 population)
were notified compared with 139 cases in 2005. There
VECTOR-BORNE/ZOONOTIC DISEASES
In 2006, a total of 3,127 DF/DHF cases was notified.
The majority of the cases (96.7%) were infected locally.
DEN-1 was the predominant circulating strain in 2006.
One imported case of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) was
reported. All vector-borne diseases were thoroughly
investigated on notification, followed by multi-agency
response. Intensive vector control remained the main
strategy for the prevention and control of vector-borne
diseases.
In contrast for Malaria, the majority (91.7%) of 181
malaria cases notified in 2006 were acquired overseas.
FOOD-/WATER-BORNE DISEASES
There was an increase in the incidence of Hepatitis A
notifications in 2006 compared to 2005 (146 cases in
2006 vs 98 cases in 2005). The incidence of enteric
fevers (typhoid and paratyphoid fevers) showed a 12.6%
decrease, from 95 cases in 2005 to 83 cases in 2006.
Campylobacteriosis and non-typhoidal salmonellosis
contribute significantly to foodborne disease morbidity.
There was 236 cases of Campylobacteriosis reported in
2006 compared with 241 cases in 2005. However, there
was a 28.4% increase in the number of Salmonellosis
cases, from 296 in 2005 to 380 in 2006. Although most
cases were sporadic in nature, strict measures were
implemented to ensure that a high standard of food and
environmental hygiene was maintained. These measures
were carried out by MOH, in close collaboration with NEA
and AVA.
ENVIRONMENT-RELATED DISEASES
of melioidosis-related conditions giving an overall case
fatality rate of 15.4%, higher than that reported in 2005
(13.7%).
In 2006, 19 cases of legionellosis (0.4 per 100,000
population) and 62 cases of melioidosis (1.4 per 100,000
population) were notified. There were nine patients died
HIV/AIDS, STIs, TUBERCULOSIS & LEPROSY
gonorrhoea, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and
syphilis. The overall incidence rate for STI was 241
cases per 100,000 population. Gonorrhoea was the
most common STI with an incidence rate of 54 cases
The number of notifications of HIV/AIDS infection
increased by 12.6% from 317 in 2005 to 357 in 2006.
The three main STIs notified in Singapore in 2006 were
viii
Communicable Diseases Surveillance in Singapore 2006
per 100,000 population.
residents and 5 non-residents), The resident incidence
rate remained at 0.1 per 100,000 population.
In 2006, a total of 1,972 new cases of TB were reported
(1,256 residents and 716 non-residents), a slight
increase from 2005.
The annual statistics on infectious disease notifications
and deaths are presented in the following table. Detailed
updates on individual diseases are provided in the
respective chapters of the report.
In 2006, a total of 12 cases of leprosy were notified (7
Infectious disease notifications and deaths in 2006
No. of notified
cases
No. of
deaths+
Morbidity
rate*
Chickenpox
24,026
0
535.8
0.0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
15,282
0
340.8
0.0
Measles
28
0
0.6
0.0
Meningococcal Infection
10
0
0.2
0.0
Mumps
844
0
18.8
0.0
Rubella
90
0
2.0
0.0
3,127
10
69.7
0.2
29
0
0.6
0.0
181
0
4.0
0.0
11
0
0.2
0.0
236
0
5.3
1.0
0
0
0.0
0.0
Hepatitis A
146
0
3.3
0.0
Hepatitis E
31
0
0.7
0.0
Diseases
Mortality
rate*
Air-/Droplet-Borne Diseases
Vector-Borne/Zoonotic Diseases
Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever
Leptospirosis
Malaria
Murine typhus
Food-/Water-Borne Diseases
Campylobacteriosis
Cholera
Listeriosis
Paratyphoid
Salmonella enteritidis infection
9
0
0.2
0.0
23
0
0.5
0.0
380
0
8.5
0.0
Shigellosis
19
0
0.4
0.0
Typhoid
60
0
1.3
0.0
Hepatitis B
96
14
2.1
0.3
Hepatitis C
35
0
0.8
0.0
Legionellosis
19
0
0.4
0.0
Melioidosis
62
5
1.4
0.1
357
75
9.9
2.1
10,786
0
240.5
0
1.256
61
34.8
1.7
12
0
0.2
0
Blood-Borne Diseases
Environmental-Related Diseases
HIV/AIDS, STIs, TB & Leprosy
HIV/AIDS
STIs
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
+Source: Registry of Births & Deaths
*Rates per 100,000 population, based on estimated mid-year total population, 2006
(Source: Singapore Department of Statistics)
ix