Download V. Hardware Implementation of Power Distribution Process

International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)
Volume 1, Issue 1, July 2012
Electric Power Distribution System using PIC
18F4550 Microcontroller
(IJSETR)
Yin Yin Winn, Zaw Min Naing, Hla Myo Tun, Su Su Yi Mon

Abstract—The system is designed and constructed
microcontroller based power distribution to all
departments in university campus. The research
has constructed hardware and utilized Microsoft
Visual Basic software in software environment
using a communication network and embedded
controllers.
All
hardware
and
software
components have been developed and integrated
together.
In
this
system,
PIC18F4550
microcontroller is used for power distribution.
Visual Basic in the Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 is
used in the construction of GUI and USB cable is
used as a connector between PIC and PC.
Index
Terms—PIC
18F4550
Microntroller,
Hardware, Visual Basic Software, Power Distribution.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric power is essential to all areas of human life.
It plays an important role in our modern industrialized
society. The electrical power systems are highly
non-linear, extremely huge and complex networks. The
absence of an automatic monitoring and control system
on distribution network, which is the major link
between electricity utilities and the consumers of
electricity, excessive current resulting from
overloading occurs. More so, lack of adequate
information at the base station on the status of
distribution network is another bottleneck in obtaining
efficient distribution of electric power, see for example
[1] which discuss electric power distribution
automation system. So, efficient and reliable power
Yin Yin Winn, Department of Electronic, Mandalay
Technological
University,(e-mail:
[email protected]).
Mandalay, Myanmar, +959402606502
Zaw Min Naing, Technological University (Maubin), Maubin,
Yangon,., (e-mail: [email protected]).
Hla Myo Tun, Department of Electronic, Mandalay
Technological University, , .,). Mandalay, Myanmar,
+9595416337, (e-mail: [email protected]
Su Su Yi Mon, Department of Electronic, Mandalay
Technological
University,,
.,).
Mandalay,
Myanmar,
+959402550807, (e-mail: [email protected])
supply is the major concern of our supply system. The
losses that occur in the transmission and distribution
are very large. This occurs because of inefficient
safety, monitoring and control devices that are
persisting in present distribution system. For power
control and monitoring, many wire and wireless
technologies are discussed. These are GSM, zigbee,
SCADA, DCS and Microcontroller. In [2], [3] and [4],
power monitoring module calculates power
consumption for home appliances. Zigbee
communication module is used to send measured data
of current and voltage to server module and store it in
computer.
In this paper, power control and monitoring is
designed by using PIC 18F4550. It is low-cost, low
power consuming and high reliability. The main aim of
this paper is to design and construct a low cost
controlling system. This design mainly uses visual
basic software to conduct configuration design for the
power distribution monitoring system
II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
This system can be visualized as two portions; the
first one is to control the operation of the power
distribution process, the second is to monitor and
simulate by linking software and hardware. The
monitoring system is utilized the Visual Basic.Net
programming. The overall block diagram of the system
is shown in Fig. 1. The power threshold will be
predefined between 180 and 220 V by the
microcontroller. These voltage parameters are
recorded at PIC18F4550 Microcontroller.
Cut off
Relays
AC Input
USB
Loads
Sensor
PIC18
F4550
Signal
Conditioning
Circuit
Fig.1 Overall block diagram of the system
PIC will communicate with load to control them. PIC
captures the voltage that is used for loading in each
1
All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJSETR
department. The stored voltage is transmitted using
USB cable from PIC to PC. Based on the received
information, controlling operation is performed. If the
receiver receives the parameter which is greater than
the fixed threshold voltage, then server commands to
respective client to cut off power distribution.
III. FLOW CHAT FOR POWER MONITORING SYSTEM
USING PIC
START
1) Design procedures for microcontroller: In this
simulation page, the procedure for the proposed
system is described as follows:
INITILIZE LCD
MEASURE
VOLTAGE FROM
LOAD
ADC CONVERSION
VOLTAGE
DISPLAY VOLTAGE ON
LCD
YES
>
INPUT
230 V
NO
segment LCD Display power level by using Proteus
software. In this simulation variable resistor is utilized
instead of sensor. LED is used for relay. This is a
simple voltage monitoring which measures 0-255V.
When the input voltage is between 180 and 230 V,
LED will be ON and display the voltage on 4digits
seven segment LCD. And then, if the voltage level is
below and above 180 and 230V, the relay will be OFF
state. This result is shown in Fig.3.
NO
 Define the parameters for LCD and Data
registers.
 Initialize the input and output ports of the
microcontroller.
 Assign a value for relay.
 The function defined for capturing the voltage
values is called and executed.
 The displaying function is called and the
parameter values are displayed on LCD.
RELAY OFF
INPUT >180
YES
RELAY ON
END
Fig. 2 Flow chart for power monitoring with PIC
For monitoring, hardware is based on voltage
measuring circuits, Microcontroller Unit (MCU), and
relay. Voltage measuring circuit measures voltage and
sends the information to MCU. To display the voltage
on 4 digits seven segment, the following steps are
executed. Firstly, LCD is initialized. In this simulation,
variable resistor is used instead of voltage sensor. The
acquired voltage is converted from analog to digital
through ADC that is built in PIC18F4550
microcontroller. And the measured voltage is
displayed on 4 digits seven segment. After displaying
voltage on 4 digits seven segment, the input voltage
will be check. This system will operate at its threshold
values.
When input voltage is greater than 230V, relay will
be cut off input voltage will check again. If input
voltage is greater than 180, relay will be on else if relay
will be cut off. Fig. 2 shows flow chart of power
monitoring with PIC.
Figure 3. Voltage monitoring (OFF state) using Proteus
2) Voltage monitoring testing with virtual terminal: In
this simulation, Virtual Terminal is utilized to monitor
and display the condition of power level as a PC before
testing with real circuit and computer. This is shown in
Fig. 4.
Figure 4. Voltage monitoring (ON state) using Virtual
Terminal
IV. SIMULATION WITH PROTEUS SOFTWARE
Before design and construct the compatible circuit,
the simulation results are tested with virtual and 7
2
V.
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)
Volume 1, Issue 1, July 2012
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF POWER
DISTRIBUTION PROCESS
After collecting all design related information which
is necessary for power distribution, the next step is to
construct the perfect and compatible H/W components
to control power distribution.
The development PIC 18F4550 has been used for
programming through USB cable, also the
development PIC 18F4550 microcontroller will be
used as interfacing tool to connect the PIC with the
inputs and outputs signals of process and to connect the
PIC with the PC which contains a GUI through (USB)
cable. The PIC deals with TTL level voltage (0-5)
VDC, the (0) VDC represents logic (0) and the (5)
VDC represents logic (1) to PIC. Thus the input
voltage which has a voltage value more than (6) VDC
that might burn the PIC, hence each input signal to PIC
from computer is rated on (5) VDC using USB cable.
The output relay circuit is connected to provide signals
from PIC to load. The relay is one of devices used in
this proposed design in order to ensure a flexible
connection between PIC and the load. It’s switched
ON or OFF according to the level of signals generated
from PIC microcontroller. Fig. 5 shows Circuit
Diagram of PIC 18F4550 with USB and I/O ports for
power distribution process for a department. The relay
circuit replaces the manual switches of power
distribution with computerized switching, such that the
enable signal from PIC can handle a (230) VAC High
Voltage. The output allows command for switching
ON or OFF each relay. The circuit diagram and photo
are shown in Fig. 5and Fig.6.
Fig. 6 Photo of PIC 18F4550 with USB and I/O ports
VI. VOLTAGE SENSING CIRCUIT
In this circuit, three transformers are used for line 1,
line 2 and line 3. The voltage of 220V AC is converted
into 5V AC by means of step down transformer and
passes through the bridge diodes to change AC to DC
voltage. The rectified voltages are filtered out by
means of a capacitor filter. Zener diodes are applied to
block the limited voltage into the PIC then connect to
PIC analog input pins. The voltage sensing circuit and
photo of this circuit is shown in Fig.7 and Fig. 8.
220V
AC
6VAC
D3
D1
D4
D2
Step Down
Transformer
220V
AC
D3
D1
D4
D2
Step Down
Transformer
220V
AC
Step Down
Transformer
D3
D1
D4
D2
To PIC,
AN0
22mF
25V 1N4733A
To PIC,
AN1
22mF
25V 1N4733A
To PIC,
AN2
22mF
25V 1N4733A
Fig. 7 Voltage Sensing Circuit
10 k
1
USB
4 GND
Vcc
GND
+5V
2
3
ACL
Vcc
1 K
32
33 RB0
34 RB1
35 RB2
36 RB3
37 RB4
38 RB5
39 RB6
40 RB7
PIC
16F4550
RD0
19 RD1
20 RD2
21 RD3
22 RD4
27
28 RD5
29 RD6
RD7
18 12 31 1530
VUSB VSS VSS RC0
2311
24
AN0
AN1
AN2
AN3
AN4
AN5
2
3
4
5
6
7
33pf
13
20 MHz
0.47
µF
14
33pf
LED
Fig.8 Photo of Voltage Sensing Circuit
VII. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT FOR RELAY
The voltage supply to the output under no load
condition, no current is drawn from the supply. To
carry out a proper operation voltage, regulation is
GND
Fig. 5 Circuit Diagram of PIC 18F4550 with USB and I/O
ports
needed. For this requirement, voltage regulators must
be used. Therefore, a simple and stable voltage supply
3
All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJSETR
+12V
system is constructed and used. The overall power
Line 1
supply circuit diagram for relay and photo are shown in
1N4148
Fig.9 and Fig.10. The input for the power supply
(220V AC) is converted into 12V AC by means of a
Relay
From PIC
step down transformer. This output is used the input of
10K
bridge rectifier circuit. The rectifier will generate 12V
2200 µF
BC 547
DC and -12 VDC voltages by using a LM7812 and LM
7912 voltage regulator IC.
+12V
Line 2
7812
1N4148
1
Vi
220 V
GND
C1
2200 µF
Vo
Relay
+12 V
3
2
C2
220 µF
From PIC
10K
BC 547
2200 µF
C3
2200 µF
2
Vi
1
GND
Vo
3
C4
220 µF
Line 3
-12 V
+12V
7912
Fig. 9 220V AC to 12 V Power Supply Circuit
1N4148
Relay
From PIC
10K
BC 547
2200 µF
Fig . 11 Circuit Diagram of Relay
Fig. 10 Photo of Power Supply Circuit for Relay
VIII. RELAY CIRCUIT
The output relay circuit is connected to provide
signals from PIC to load. The relay is one of devices
Fig. 12 Photo of Relay Circuit
used in this proposed design in order to ensure a
flexible connection between PIC and the load. It’s
switched ON or OFF according to the level of signals
generated from PIC microcontroller.
Fig. 11 and
Fig.12 show the relay circuit and photo of relay circuit.
The relay circuit replaces the manual switches of
power distribution with computerized switching, Such
that the enable signal from PIC can handle a (230)
VAC High Voltage. The outputs allow command for
switching ON or switching OFF each relay. The photo
of testing circuit by linking hardware and software for
power distribution system is shown in Fig. 13.
Fig. 13 Testing the Circuit using VB. Net programming by
Linking with Hardware
4
IX.
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)
Volume 1, Issue 1, July 2012
SIMULATION RESULTS USING VB. NET
PROGRAMMING
The proposed system has been tested for monitoring
and control of a power distribution system by linking
with hardware. When power distribution start, line 1 is
show with yellow LED, Line 2 shows with Green LED
and Line 3 represents with Blue LED. If Line 1, 2 and 3
are over voltage or under voltage, LED indicates with
RED color. These windows design are created by
Visual Basic form in Microsoft Visual Basic 2010. The
GUI design of Microcontroller based power
distribution is presented in this section.
The following simulation windows are the main
process for power distribution process. They show the
monitoring and control of power distribution to all
departments. This window form is considered and
tested with the sample circuit for power distribution.
This window shows the conditions of the power
distribution process by changing the colours of LED.
The start button is used to operate power distribution
process. The stop button is pressed to end the power
distribution process. Based on the input information
from distribution transformer, distribution process will
be changed.
Fig.16 Simulation Page for Power Distribution Process (when
line 2 and 3 are overvoltage)
Fig.17 Simulation Page for Power Distribution Process (when all
lines are overvoltage)
Fig.18 Simulation Page for Power Distribution Process (for two
departments)
Fig.14 Simulation Page for Power Distribution Process (when
start power distribution)
Fig.15 Simulation Page for Power Distribution Process (when
Line 3 is overvoltage)
X. CONCLUSION
This system is a development of Microcontroller
based electric power distribution for the monitoring
and control of significant parameter (Voltage). In this
research, design and implementation of the power
distribution process that used Visual Basic.Net
programming power distribution. Communication
system uses USB cable and hardware units for this
process is designed and constructed and tested by
connecting both hardware and software. PIC
microcontroller is used in this system instead of PLC.
The use of microcontroller has been shown to be a
good platform upon which the distribution system can
be developed. Its flexibility in programming allows for
easy future modification and implementations. By
using this system, it can be easily controlled and
monitored for the distribution of electric power.
5
All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJSETR
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
I.A. Adejumobi, “Development of Microcontroller based
Electric Power Distribution Automation System”, March,
2011.
David L. Brown, James W. Skeen, Parkash Daryani, Farrokh
A Rahimi,“Prospects for Distribution Automation at Pacific
Gas & Electric Company”,
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 6, No. 4, October
1991, pp 1946-1954.Kim, W.H. and Lee, S. and Hwang, J., “
Real-time Energy Monitoring and Controlling System based
on ZigBee Sensor Networks”, Elsevier Procedia Computer
Science (PCS), 2011.
Cheng, J.Y. and Hung, M.H. and Chang, J.W., “A
zigbee-based power monitoring system with direct load
control capabilities”, IEEE International Networking, Sensing
and Control (INSC), 2007.
6