Download Respiratory and Excretory Systems

Respiratory and Excretory Systems
Organisms exchange:
Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
A. Heterotrophs: (e. Humans)
1. Need 02 for cellular respiration
2. Release excess CO2 from cellular
respiration
Examples of exchange of gases:
Earthworms – diffusion through skin.
Fish and Mollusks – gills (O2 that is dissolved in
H2O.
www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../
BioBookRESPSYS.html
Insects – through spiracles (holes along
abdomen) that lead to a trachea. Hemolymph
allows diffusion of gas into cells.
Cellular Respiration Equation
ORGANELLE - Mitochondria
C6H12O6 + O2
pyruvate + CO2+ ATP
ENZYMES
B. Autotrophs: (plants)
1. Need water, carbon dioxide and sunlight
Photosynthesis Equation
ORGANELLE - Chloroplast
SUNLIGHT
6CO2 + 6H2O
ATP/NADPH
ENZYMES
C6H12O6 + O2
Roots:
a. O2 is in spaces in soil and dissolved in
water (enters plant through successive
osmosis)
b. CO2 diffuses into soil following cellular
respiration from heterotrophs
Stems:
a. Lenticles – small holes along branches,
more on growing tips, allow O2 intake and
CO2 release.
Leaves - job in photosynthesis
a. Gas exchange takes place in the spongy
and palisade cells.
b. A thin film of H2O surrounds these cells,
allowing diffusion of gases.
c. CO2 passes through stoma into cells
d. CO2 passes out to the air
Purpose of a Respiratory System?
a. To allow intake of O2
b. To allow release of CO2
Parts of the Respiratory System:
Pulmonary Artery – Delivers deoxygenated
blood to lungs
Pulmonary Vein – Takes oxygenated blood from
lungs to heart.
Alveoli – where gases diffuse to (or from) lung
spaces into (or out of) capillaries.
Oxygen – carried by hemoglobin in RBC’s
CO2 – carried dissolved in plasma, HCO3
CO – carbon monoxide has a 20X higher
attraction to hemoglobin then O2. Can kill us by
limiting our oxygen in blood.
External Respiration – Gas exchange in lungs.
Internal Respiration – Exchange at cells.
Allows mitochondria to make ATP(Energy)
Alveoli – Air
sacs within
lungs
Structure
Function
Nostrils
Nasal
Passage
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchial
Tubes
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Warm air
Warm, Filter, Moisten Air
Capillaries
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Pleural
Membrane
Direct air to trachea
Keep food out
Opening to trachea
Voice Box
Protect airway (cartilage rings)
Split to lungs
Branches of Bronchus
Smaller branching
Sacs for gas exchange, delivery
to the blood
Gas exchange
Muscle to fill/empty lungs
Food  stomach
Sack around lungs, allows
creation of a vacuum for
“suction”
Step
1
2
3
4
Inspiration
Breathing In
Rib Muscles Contract
Diaphragm Contracts
Lowers Pressure
Creating a Vacuum
Expiration
Breathing Out
Relax
Relax
Lung Tissue Shrinks
Forcing Air Out
Average breaths a minute = 18
Liters
0.5
Volume Name
Tidal
1.2
Residual
1.6
3.7
Expiratory
Reserve
Inspiratory
Reserve
Vital Capacity
4.9
Total
1.6
Explanation
Normal in and out
breathing
Air that cannot be
expelled
Air that can be forced out
Air that can be forced in
Tidal + Expiratory +
Inspiratory
“ + “ + “ + residual
Can I kill myself by holding my breath?
Nope, I would pass out and then the “automatic”
portion of my brain would start my breathing
again.
Problems with the Respiratory System:
Hyperventilate – Rapid Breathing, not getting
rid of enough CO2
Lung Cancer – primary cause smoking.
Pneumonia – bacterial caused fluid in lungs.
Emphysema – Breaking up of alveoli, fewer
areas for gas exchange, “suffocating” for years.
Bronchitis – Inflammation of the bronchi.
Asthma – immune system causes inflammation
of bronchi.
Tuberculosis – Bacterial caused breakdown of
lung tissue, coughing blood.
Suffocation – insufficient O2 to cells.
Smoking:
(http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/tobaccou.htm)
 Increase in # females that smoke
 Fastest growth in teenagers
 Tobacco companies increased addictive nature
of cigarettes.
 About 430,000 deaths are attributed to
cigarette smoking each year.
(http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/tobaccou.htm)
 Approximately one of every two lifelong
smokers will eventually die of smoking.
 If current smoking patterns continue, an
estimated 25 million persons alive today,
including 5 million children younger than 18
years of age, will die prematurely of smokingattributable diseases.
Excretory System
Excretion – Removal of nitrogenous waste.
Nitrogenous waste:
1. Waste from the breakdown of Proteins,
and other cellular functions.
2. Builds up in blood after being released
from cells.
3. Is poisonous if it builds up in the body.
3 Types:
a. Ammonia (NH3) – highly toxic – may be
excreted by Fish.
b. Urea [(NH2)CO] and Uric acid
[C5H4N4O3]– less toxic forms that
enable land animals to excrete
nitrogenous wasted with minimal loss of
H2O.
Why?
1. If toxic – poisons tissues.
2. If left in blood poison organs.
3. Gout – uric acid crystals that settle in
joints, from protein-rich diets (liver)
How removed?
1. Aquatic organisms – live in H2O and
excrete ammonia, diluted with water to
decrease toxicity.
a.
Fish – have kidneys to do this.
b.
Other – excrete through skin
2. Terrestrial organisms – land organisms
convert ammonia to urea or uric acid.
a.
Earthworms – excrete ammonia
through skin into wet soil and urea from
kidneys.
b.
Insects, Reptiles, Birds – excrete
uric acid as insoluble crystals that will
not dissolve in water.
c. Human/Mammals – have kidneys that
excrete urea, H2O, and salts in urine.
Kidneys Job is Filtration
Located – Embedded in fat along either side
of the spine.
Make urine = urea + excess salts + H2O
Nephron
Liver
Ammonia + CO2 to form less
toxic urea, sent to kidney
Renal
Artery
Carries blood to kidney to be
filtered. (Filtered every 30
min.
Nephron
Tube in kidney that filters.
Glomerulus
Ball of capillaries in kidney
Bowman’s
Capsule
Extracts water, salt, wastes
from Glomerulus, takes too
much H2O & salts from the
blood.
Tubule
Tube in kidney that returns
99% of H2O & salts back to
blood.
 ADH – hormone that
triggers body to absorb
water, rather than excrete
it.
Renal vein
Carries filtered blood to body.
Ureters
Carries urine to bladder (2)
Urinary
Bladder
Stores urine.
Urethra
Tube through which blood
leaves bladder.
Problems:
a. Alcohol – diuretic
b. Caffeine – diuretic
c. Nephritis – inflammation
d. Kidney failure – need dialysis to filter
blood.
e. Homeostasis – balance of salt & H2O
f. Diabetes insipidus – extreme thirst due to
passage of large quantities of dilute urine.
g. Diabetes Mellitus – sugar in urine due to
lack of insulin.
Plants excrete?
No wastes, sometimes they concentrate