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Biology Class Notes Lesson 10 Respiration Objective: 2.1.2 Respiration: The process by which organisms continuously exchange gas such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor with their environment. *All organisms require energy for respiration. *Respiration requires O2 and produces CO2. *Photosynthesis is the opposite of respiration because it requires CO2 and produces O2. Gas Exchange Adaptations Adaptation: Any trait or behavior of an organism that increases survival. Lungs: Elastic sponge-like organs that exchange gasses between body tissue and air. Usually occur in pairs and in the chest Air moves through increasingly small tubes that in with small sacs called alveoli (sing. Alveolus) that are surrounded by capillaries. O2 is passed to the blood by diffusion and carried throughout the body. CO2 is passed from the blood by diffusion and exhaled. Ex: Mammals (dolphins/whales), birds, reptiles, adult amphibians, and some snails. Gills: Specialized tissues containing many capillaries that can extract dissolved O2 from water. Usually occur in pairs and located on the side of the head. As with lungs, O2 and CO2 are exchanged between water and the capillaries by diffusion. Gills are less efficient than lungs because water contains less O2 and water must be moved. Ex: Clams pump water, Fish swim to move water. Amphibians start with gills and develop lungs as adults. Skin: Protective outer layer of tissue. Utilized by small organisms in close contact with the fertile soil, which contains O2. O2 is absorbed from the soil and CO2 is passed through skins cells to the soil. Ex: Amphibians, segmented worms, some mollusks and some arthropods. Trachea: A network of tube-like structures that deliver O2 directly to tissues and pick up CO2. The tracheas lead to openings on the outside called spiracles. Ex: Grasshopper Gas Exchange in Plants Stomata (sing. stoma): Tiny pores or openings through which plants exchange CO2 and O2 with the atmosphere. The stoma must open and close to balance the exchange of gasses vs. conservation of moisture. Key Words: Respiration Adaptation Lung Alveolus Gill Stomata