Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Organisms at high altitude wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Gaseous signaling molecules wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic resistance to malaria wikipedia , lookup
Regeneration in humans wikipedia , lookup
Respiratory and Excretory Systems Organisms exchange: Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A. Heterotrophs: (e. Humans) 1. Need 02 for cellular respiration 2. Release excess CO2 from cellular respiration Examples of exchange of gases: Earthworms – diffusion through skin. Fish and Mollusks – gills (O2 that is dissolved in H2O. www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../ BioBookRESPSYS.html Insects – through spiracles (holes along abdomen) that lead to a trachea. Hemolymph allows diffusion of gas into cells. Cellular Respiration Equation ORGANELLE - Mitochondria C6H12O6 + O2 pyruvate + CO2+ ATP ENZYMES B. Autotrophs: (plants) 1. Need water, carbon dioxide and sunlight Photosynthesis Equation ORGANELLE - Chloroplast SUNLIGHT 6CO2 + 6H2O ATP/NADPH ENZYMES C6H12O6 + O2 Roots: a. O2 is in spaces in soil and dissolved in water (enters plant through successive osmosis) b. CO2 diffuses into soil following cellular respiration from heterotrophs Stems: a. Lenticles – small holes along branches, more on growing tips, allow O2 intake and CO2 release. Leaves - job in photosynthesis a. Gas exchange takes place in the spongy and palisade cells. b. A thin film of H2O surrounds these cells, allowing diffusion of gases. c. CO2 passes through stoma into cells d. CO2 passes out to the air Purpose of a Respiratory System? a. To allow intake of O2 b. To allow release of CO2 Parts of the Respiratory System: Pulmonary Artery – Delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs Pulmonary Vein – Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to heart. Alveoli – where gases diffuse to (or from) lung spaces into (or out of) capillaries. Oxygen – carried by hemoglobin in RBC’s CO2 – carried dissolved in plasma, HCO3 CO – carbon monoxide has a 20X higher attraction to hemoglobin then O2. Can kill us by limiting our oxygen in blood. External Respiration – Gas exchange in lungs. Internal Respiration – Exchange at cells. Allows mitochondria to make ATP(Energy) Alveoli – Air sacs within lungs Structure Function Nostrils Nasal Passage Pharynx Epiglottis Glottis Larynx Trachea Bronchus Bronchial Tubes Bronchioles Alveoli Warm air Warm, Filter, Moisten Air Capillaries Diaphragm Esophagus Pleural Membrane Direct air to trachea Keep food out Opening to trachea Voice Box Protect airway (cartilage rings) Split to lungs Branches of Bronchus Smaller branching Sacs for gas exchange, delivery to the blood Gas exchange Muscle to fill/empty lungs Food stomach Sack around lungs, allows creation of a vacuum for “suction” Step 1 2 3 4 Inspiration Breathing In Rib Muscles Contract Diaphragm Contracts Lowers Pressure Creating a Vacuum Expiration Breathing Out Relax Relax Lung Tissue Shrinks Forcing Air Out Average breaths a minute = 18 Liters 0.5 Volume Name Tidal 1.2 Residual 1.6 3.7 Expiratory Reserve Inspiratory Reserve Vital Capacity 4.9 Total 1.6 Explanation Normal in and out breathing Air that cannot be expelled Air that can be forced out Air that can be forced in Tidal + Expiratory + Inspiratory “ + “ + “ + residual Can I kill myself by holding my breath? Nope, I would pass out and then the “automatic” portion of my brain would start my breathing again. Problems with the Respiratory System: Hyperventilate – Rapid Breathing, not getting rid of enough CO2 Lung Cancer – primary cause smoking. Pneumonia – bacterial caused fluid in lungs. Emphysema – Breaking up of alveoli, fewer areas for gas exchange, “suffocating” for years. Bronchitis – Inflammation of the bronchi. Asthma – immune system causes inflammation of bronchi. Tuberculosis – Bacterial caused breakdown of lung tissue, coughing blood. Suffocation – insufficient O2 to cells. Smoking: (http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/tobaccou.htm) Increase in # females that smoke Fastest growth in teenagers Tobacco companies increased addictive nature of cigarettes. About 430,000 deaths are attributed to cigarette smoking each year. (http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/tobaccou.htm) Approximately one of every two lifelong smokers will eventually die of smoking. If current smoking patterns continue, an estimated 25 million persons alive today, including 5 million children younger than 18 years of age, will die prematurely of smokingattributable diseases. Excretory System Excretion – Removal of nitrogenous waste. Nitrogenous waste: 1. Waste from the breakdown of Proteins, and other cellular functions. 2. Builds up in blood after being released from cells. 3. Is poisonous if it builds up in the body. 3 Types: a. Ammonia (NH3) – highly toxic – may be excreted by Fish. b. Urea [(NH2)CO] and Uric acid [C5H4N4O3]– less toxic forms that enable land animals to excrete nitrogenous wasted with minimal loss of H2O. Why? 1. If toxic – poisons tissues. 2. If left in blood poison organs. 3. Gout – uric acid crystals that settle in joints, from protein-rich diets (liver) How removed? 1. Aquatic organisms – live in H2O and excrete ammonia, diluted with water to decrease toxicity. a. Fish – have kidneys to do this. b. Other – excrete through skin 2. Terrestrial organisms – land organisms convert ammonia to urea or uric acid. a. Earthworms – excrete ammonia through skin into wet soil and urea from kidneys. b. Insects, Reptiles, Birds – excrete uric acid as insoluble crystals that will not dissolve in water. c. Human/Mammals – have kidneys that excrete urea, H2O, and salts in urine. Kidneys Job is Filtration Located – Embedded in fat along either side of the spine. Make urine = urea + excess salts + H2O Nephron Liver Ammonia + CO2 to form less toxic urea, sent to kidney Renal Artery Carries blood to kidney to be filtered. (Filtered every 30 min. Nephron Tube in kidney that filters. Glomerulus Ball of capillaries in kidney Bowman’s Capsule Extracts water, salt, wastes from Glomerulus, takes too much H2O & salts from the blood. Tubule Tube in kidney that returns 99% of H2O & salts back to blood. ADH – hormone that triggers body to absorb water, rather than excrete it. Renal vein Carries filtered blood to body. Ureters Carries urine to bladder (2) Urinary Bladder Stores urine. Urethra Tube through which blood leaves bladder. Problems: a. Alcohol – diuretic b. Caffeine – diuretic c. Nephritis – inflammation d. Kidney failure – need dialysis to filter blood. e. Homeostasis – balance of salt & H2O f. Diabetes insipidus – extreme thirst due to passage of large quantities of dilute urine. g. Diabetes Mellitus – sugar in urine due to lack of insulin. Plants excrete? No wastes, sometimes they concentrate