Download Test Review Sheet: Biology Final – 09 The Answer are under each

Test Review Sheet: Biology Final – 09
The Answer are under each question.
1. Know the steps of the scientific method and what is done are each step.
Ask a question, research, form a hypothesis, conduct the experiment, collect and analyze the data,
make a conclusion, repeat the experiment, communicate the results
2. Be able to identify the control (dependent variable) and experimental group (independent variable).
Identify the independent and dependent variable in the scenario below.
A sample of digestive juice was removed from the stomach of a pig. The juice was placed in a test tube along
with some grains of wheat. A second test tube was set up containing an equal number of wheat grains, with
distilled water rather than digestive juice. The test tubes were kept for 8 hours at 40 degrees Celsius. After 8
hours, the seeds inside the digestive juice had broken into tiny particles. The grains of wheat, in the water,
were wet but otherwise unchanged.
Control group – wheat grains, temperature, time
Variable group – digestive juice
3. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
Hypothesis – educated guess to problem
Theory – best explanation; withstood the test of many hypotheses
4. What is homeostasis?
Maintaining stable internal conditions such as temp., metabolism, etc.
5. What are the characteristics of the cell membrane. (function, location, etc.)?
Selectively permeable, surrounds the cell, protection,
6. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
Cells come from preexisting cells
7. What are the building blocks of carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids?
Monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides
8. What makes carbon such a special element?
It is stable, can form 4 strong, covalent bonds with itself and other elements, major component of all
molecules
9. What is an organism?
An individual living thing
10. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Plants- large vacuole, starch as food storage, larger size, regular shape, cell wall
Animals – small vacuole, glycogen as food storage, small size, irregular shape, no cell wall
11. What is changed during a controlled experiment?
Variable
12. What are the three laws of Gregor Mendel?
Law of dominance, law of segregation, law of independent assortment
13. What are dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant- allele that is always expressed
Recessive – allele that only shows up if it is combined with another recessive allele
14. What are genotype and phenotype?
Geno- genetic makeup of an organism
Phenol- physical appearance of an organism
15. What are stem cells?
Cells that have the ability to change into any type of cell
16. What is the goal of stem cell research?
To cure diseases, to repair tissue that can’t repair itself
17. What is the purpose of mitosis?
Replace damaged or worn out tissues
18. What is the end result of mitosis? Know the stages?
Two genetically identical daughter cells
19. What is meiosis?
Process when sex cells are produced
20. Be able to complete a two trait cross using a punnet square?
21. Where does cell respiration take place in the cell? What is the end result of cell respiration?
Mitochondria
36 ATPs
22. What is the equation for cell respiration?
glucose + oxygen
--------->
carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP
23. What is cancer?
Disease of uncontrolled cell growth
24. Be able to complete a one trait cross using a punnet square.
25. What occurred during the osmosis experiment (egg and vinegar) and the diffusion experiment (bag
and corn starch) and why?
The egg got bigger and increased in mass because there was a higher concentration outside the egg
than inside. The inside of the bag turned a dark purple color because the iodine on the outside of the
bad had a higher concentration than inside the bag. Remember, during osmosis and diffusion,
particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
26. What are the base pairs of DNA?
A with T and C with G
27. What are the steps of DNA replication?
Helicase enzyme breaks the H-bonds, DNA polymerase adds complementary bases, process continues
until DNA is copied, enzymes proofread and correct the mistakes
28. What is the complementary DNA sequence of A-T-C-C-G-A-G-T?
T-A-G-G-C-T-C-A
29. What are the steps of protein synthesis?
RNA polymerase unzips breaks the H-bonds of DNA and adds complementary RNA bases
mRNA is made and leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosomes
tRNA reads the codon of mRNA and brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome
the amino acids are bonded together
protein molecule is formed
30. What does transcription take place in the cell?
nucleus
31. What is true of sex-linked disorders regarding transmission from parents to kids and why?
If a mother has a sex-linked disorder, all of her sons will have the disease and all of her daughters will
be carriers. If a father has a sex-linked disorder, all of his daughters will be carriers and all of his sons
will be unaffected. The reason for this is because girls inherit two X chromosomes and boys only
inherit one X and one Y chromosome.
32. What two people discovered the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
33. What is the amino acid sequence of the DNA base sequence C-T-G-A-A-T-G-C-A
Asp. Acid-Leu.-Arg
34. What is the purpose of cell transformation?
To genetically engineer organism such as making insulin
35. How is the particular gene that is needed for research isolated from the rest of the DNA?
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at certain places
36. What is the DNA from two different sources?
Recombinant DNA
37. What are some reasons for genetic engineering?
To cure genetic disorders
To make drugs such as insulin
38. What happens to a favorable trait for an organism?
It will be passed on from generation to generation and increase in frequency
39. What factors affect natural selection?
Overproduction, competition, overproduction
40. What are homologous structures?
structures that have the same structure but different function
41. How does someone present a scientific name?
Italicized with the genus name capitalized and the species name in lowercase
42. What is the correct taxonomic order from largest to smallest?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
43. What is a cladogram? Know how to interpret one.
Diagram used to illustrate the evolutionary relationships among organisms
44. Know the characteristics of a virus (composition, when they are active, prevention, etc.)
Made of protein and nucleic acid
Only way to prevent one is a vaccine
Can’t live outside of a host cell
45. Remember the evolution and antibiotic experiment?
46. Know the steps of the lytic cycle?
Attachment, penetration, replication, assembly of new viruses, release of new viruses
47. What are some diseases caused by bacteria?
48. What are some diseases caused by viruses?
49. What is a protist?
Anything not classified as a plant, animal, or fungus
50. What protists are strictly parasitic?
sporozoans
51. What protist causes malaria? How is it transmitted?
Trypanosome and it is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito
52. Know the characteristics of a fungus (ecological purpose, reproduction, etc).
Multicellular, saprophyte, decomposers, reproduce by spores, found in warm, moist areas
53. Know the characteristics of Annelids (examples, location, benefits, etc).
54. What ways can someone get a roundworm disease?
Eating undercooked food
Drinking contaminated water
Being around or stepping in contaminated water or sewage
55. Compare and contrast the three classes of mollusks?
Univalves (snails and slugs) - retractable tentacles, single shell or none, radula for feeding
Bivalves-two shells, filter feeders, foot, clams oysters and scallops
Cephalopods- marine, most intelligent, predators, tentacles with suckers, great eyesight, no external
shell,
56. Know the characteristics of invertebrates (no backbone, sexual reproduction, etc).
No backbone, soft body, two body plans, simple nervous system, reproduce sexually or asexually
57. Know the characteristics of arthropods.
Segmented body, jointed appendages, exoskeleton
58. What are the environmental impacts of insects?
Pollination, food source, recycle materials, spread disease, pests
59. What the characteristics of vertebrates?
Backbone, usually large and active, endoskeleton, notochord, hollow nerve cord, gill slits
60. Compare the circulatory, respiratory, reproduction, and other body systems with other vertebrates.
61. What makes the lamprey different from the trout?
No jaws, no fins, cartilage skeleton
62. What makes the trout different from the shark?
Sharks – cartilage skeleton, marine, no operculum, no swim bladder
Trout – bony skeleton, freshwater, operculum, swim bladder, body scales
63. Compare the body systems of amphibians and reptiles (reproduction, respiration, etc).
Amphs – breathe thorugh lungs, gills and skin or combination of, lay eggs in the water, 3 chambered
heart, moist skin
Reptiles – breathe through lungs, lays eggs on land, dry scaly skin
64. What is a nonrenewable resource?
Something that can’t be replaced by natural means
65. What are fossil fuels? What are the pros and cons of all of them? What affect do they have on the
atmosphere?
Fossil fuels – fuels formed by the decomposition of dead organisms
Pros – high energy source
Cons – not quickly replaced, tough to get at, pollution
66. What is the impact of deforestation on global warming?
More and more carbon dioxide is building up in the atmosphere
67. What is a renewable resource?
Something that can be replaced by natural means
68. What are the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
Biotic – living things
Abotic – non living things
69. What impact are the less-developed countries (LDCs) having on the world’s resources?
They use approximately 30% of the earth’s resources but are using more and more each day
70. What is an alternative energy? Name some examples?
Alternative energy is energy that doesn’t deplete natural resources or harm the environment. Wind,
solar, geothermal, hydroelectric are all examples.
71. What is IPM? How is it related to pollution?
IPM is integrated pest management and it is when natural means are used to kill pests. It cuts down
on pollution because no pesticides are sued during the process.
72. Who produces the energy in an ecosystem and where does it end?
The producers (plants, grass, etc.) produce the energy and it ends with the top-level consumer such as
a lion or humans.
73. What is a trophic level? What happens to the energy in an ecosystem as you move up the trophic
levels in an ecosystem?
A trophic level is the place occupied by an organism in the food chain or web
As you move up the trophic levels, there is less and less energy available for the organisms in the next
level
74. What effect do human activities have on the environment?
75. What are scientists so concerned with carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
Rising carbon dioxide levels seem to coincide with rising global temperatures
76. What is crossing over?
Exchange of pieces of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis which is the production of sex cells
77. What are greenhouse gases? What is the major source of greenhouse gases?
Gases in the atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation
Source – most combustion of fossil fuels,
Methane – landfills, coal mines, cows, oil and natural gas operations
CFCs-by products of industrial processes
Nitrous oxide – fertilizers, burning fossil fuels, waste management practices
78. What are the pros and cons of all the renewable energies (solar, wind, etc)?
Pros – they can be replaced and are unlimited
Cons – not mainstream, high startup costs
79. What can be done to increase or decrease an ecological footprint?
Decrease – use fluorescent light bulbs, control thermostats, use low VOC products, change heating
systems, etc.
80. What are the major sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Fossil fuel emissions, cars, factories, etc.
81. Who are primary consumers?
Those who eat the producers (herbivores)
82. The organisms in the food web below live near large cattle ranches. Over many years, mountain lions
occasionally killed a few cattle. One year, a few ranchers hunted and killed many mountain lions to
prevent future loss of their cattle. Later, ranchers noticed that animals from this food web were eating
large amounts of grain from their fields.
Identify two specific populations that most likely increased
in number after them ountain lion population decreased.
Support your answer.
Deer and rabbits because each of them are preyed upon
By the mountain lion
Explain how killing many mountain lions affected
other ranchers in the community.
Killing mountain lions allowed the deer and rabbit populations
To increase and affect the grains of ranchers because both feed
On the grains.
Be able to explain he role of each organism in the food web.
83. Be able to analyze a food chain
84. Where does Luzerne county rank against the rest of the U.S. in terms of pollution?
85. Explain the fossil fuel use per capita in the U.S.
#1
86. Can global warming be stopped? If so, what can be done?
87. What impact do the more developed countries have on the world’s energy?
They use approximately 70% of the world’s energy