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CARBON COMPOUNDS CARBON COMPOUND ORGANIC COMPOUND HYDROCARBONS SATURATED HYDROCARBONS ALKANE ALKANE INORGANIC COMPOUND NON HYDROCARBONS UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS SALT CARBONATE MINERAL GAS ACID ALCOHOL CARBOXCYLIC ACID ESTER FAT AND OIL ALKENE Carbon is placed in Group 14. It has 4 electrons In its outer most shell. An atom of carbon shares with 4 hydrogen atoms to obtained the stability of inert gas elements. The first member in this group is the simplest compound, methane. Carbon-carbon atoms in alkanes are bonded with single covalent bond. GENERAL FORMULA : Cn H 2n + 2 1 1090 28’ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE 1 On going down the alkanes series, the relative molecular mass increases caused by the increase in molecular size. 2 When the molecular size increases, the melting and boiling point increase. This is because the larger the molecular size, the stronger the Van Der Waals forces of attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to overcome the forces of attraction during melting or boiling. 3 4 All alkanes are less dense than water. All alkanes are colourless and insoluble in water . Alkanes are soluble in organic solvent. Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of molecules. They don’t have freely moving ions. Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity. 5 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single covalent bonds. This single covalent bonds are strong and not reactive. Alkanes are neutral compound, they have no effect on blue or red litmus paper. Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. The alkanes burn with a sooty flame if the combustion is not complete. Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction – atom of H is replaced with Cl or Br with the presence of light or UV rays. 2 METHANE - Known as natural gas. - Formed as an product of the anaerobic decay of plants - Can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps Uses : - as a fuel in a gas turbine and system reboiler - as a fuel for domestic heating and cooking - as a feedstock for the production of hydrogen, methanol, acetic acid and acetic anhydride. - as greenhouse gas ( 21 times more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide ALKENE The chemical structure of ethylene, the simplest alkene 1200 1200 0 120 1 2 3 4 5 6 3,5-DIMETHYLHEX-2-ENE Physical properties of alkenes - have almost identical physical properties as alkanes - the first 3 alkenes, C2 to C4 , are gases at room temperature. - al alkenes have low melting points and boiling points. As the molecule become larger, there is a gradual increase in the melting and boiling points. - Alkenes less dense than water. Densities of the alkenes increase with the increasing carbon chains. - Alkene do not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. - All alkenes do not conduct electricity. 3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES + H2 Additional reaction : hydrgenation etene Additional reaction : bromination 1,2-dibromoetane H HBr etene 1,-bromoetana 3 :ADDITION OF HALIDE Additional reaction Addition of halide _ + H2O Ethanol Etene H OH Addition reaction : hydration [O] _ [ OXYDATION ] Etane-1,2-diol OH OH Oxidation reaction : alkene reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution 4 COMBUSTION REACTION : Alkene burns completely in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. If the combustion is not complete ( limited oxygen) carbon monoxide and soot(carbon) are produced. 5 ALCOHOL Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that has Functional group of – OH ( HYDROXYL) GENERAL FORMULA : CnH2n+1OH The melting point of alcohol is higher than alkane and alkene due to the presence of hydroxyl group. This is because –OH group forms hydrogen bonding that is stronger than the bonds between molecules of alcohol. Methanol, ethanol and propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols decreases as the molecular mass increases. Naming the alcohol compound is likely to alkane. Replace the ending – ane to anol C1 is numbered from the carbon that nearest to –OH. Alcohols are used as fuels, solvents, in medicine, in making cosmetics and as a main component in alcoholic drinks. methanol ethanol propan-1-ol OH propan-2-ol OH OH pentan-2,3,4- triol Reactions of alcohols Combustion (produces water and CO2) Oxidation (produces carboxylic acid) 6 Dehydration ( produces alkene) Esterification (produces ester) ETHANOL CAN BE PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY BY TWO PROCESS ES a) THE HYDRATION OF ETHENE + H – OH ( Water ) ( H3 PO4) , 300o C , 65 atm Ethanol Ethene b) THE FERMENTATION OF SUGAR OR STARCH. Lime water Turns chalky Means that CO2 Is released Glucose + yeast Thermometer Water out Liebig Condenser Product of fermentation water in Distilate (ethanol) produced at 78o C Fermentation is used to produce alcoholic drinks. Yeast is added and left for several days in the absence of air at not more than 40o C. Higher temperature will kill the yeast and the reaction will stop. The zymase enzymes in yeast breaks down the sugar and starch into glucose and then to ethanol and liberated carbon dioxide. 7 OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL WILL FORM CARBOXYLIC ACID OH [O] OH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS an organic acid with carboxyl Uses : - food preservative ( benzoic acid) - food flavouring - ethanoic acid and methanoic acid are used to coagulate latex in rubber industry - making ester and soft drinks O group –COOH ( C - OH ) General formula CnH2n + 1 COOH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Ethanoic acid normally prepared by oxidation of an alcohol Ethanoic acid - colourless liquid at room conditions. - has sharp and pungent smell. - boiling point 118o C - soluble in water - pH 3 - 4 weak acid and names end with ‘oic acid’ . Eg. ethanoic acid. Chemical properties of ethanoic acid reacts with metal to liberate hydrogen gas reacts with bases to form salt and water only reacts with carbonate to form salt, water and carbon dioxide 8 reacts with alcohol or esterification reaction. product of an esterification reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Ester is a non-hydrocarbon organic compound contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen the functional group is –COO- or carboxylate group ESTERS The general formula is CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1 uses of ester, - as food flavouring - to pleasant aromas for making perfumes - as organic solvents for glue, varnish and paint found in flowers and fruits. The fragrance of flowers and fruits is due to the presence of esters the name of an ester consists of two words. The first word originates from alcohols, the second is from the carboxylic acids. All of them end with ‘-oate’ - esters are colourless liquids - sweet and fruity smell - volatile, insoluble - less dense than water Preparation of ethanoic acid Ethanol water out oil bath water in Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution ethanoic acid 9 FATS AND OILS Vegetable oils such as palm oils, coconut oil, corn oil and groundnut oil can be used to manufacture various products such as condensed milk, candle, soap and margarine. our body need fats/oils because - source of energy - thermal insulation - protection - source of nutrients belong to a group of organic compounds known as lipids they are naturally occurring esters and are found in plants and animals FATS AND OILS they are ester formed from three molecules of fatty acid and molecule of glycerol saturated fats - contain saturated carboxylic acid - contain a high percentage of cholesterol - palmitic acid and stearic acid form saturated fats/oils CH2OH CHOH Unsaturated fats – contain unsaturated carboxylic acid ( there are –C=C- ) - it can turn to saturated fats by hydrogenation reaction - Hydrogenation process is also known as hardening process - oleic acid and linoleic acid form unsaturated fats/ oils R 1COOH R2 COOH + CH2OH glycerol (alcohol) R3 COOH carboxylic acid (fatty acids) O ║ CH2 – O – C – R1 O ║ CH – O - C – R2 O ║ CH2 – O – C – R1 trigleycerides ( fats and oils ) 10 Comparison of fats and oils Comparison Oils Source plants Animals < 20 / lower > 20 / higher Liquid Solid / semi solid low high Peanut oil, soybean oil Butter , lard Contain a high percentage of unsaturated carboxylic acid Contain a high percentage of saturated carboxylic acid Melting point o C Physical state at room temperature Cholesterol content Examples Molecular structure Fats Similarities In terms of Molecular formula similarities Type of compound The molecules contain of elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen They are naturally occurring esters Type of bond They are big covalent molecules. NATURAL RUBBER Natural rubber Vulcanised rubber – natural rubber is protein membrane which is negatively charged heated with sulphur at about 140o C using zinc oxide as catalyst. Or mixing natural rubber with a solution rubber molecule of sulphur monochloride ( S2 Cl2 ) in methylbenzene Milky fluid obtained from tapped rubber tree is called latex. Natural rubber is a soft, white solid and is an elastomer. Vulcanisation is carried out to improve the properties of natural rubber. 11 WORKSHEETS Worksheet 1 : Carbon Compound 1. Carbon compounds are compounds which contain ……………… 2. Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds containing …………….. and …………….atoms only. Some organic compounds also contain other element such as oxygen, nitrogen and halogens ; the compounds are called …………………. 3. Saturated hydrocarbons contain entirely of carbon-carbon ……………….. bonds. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one carbon-carbon ……………… bond or carbon-carbon triple bonds. 4. The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the…………………………. of each element present in one molecule of the substance. 5. The structural formula of an organic compound is the formula that shows the ……………………………….. and the covalent bonds between atom in a molecule of the compound. 6. A ……………………series is a family of organic compounds with each member of the family differing from the previous member by having one more group of atoms –CH2 . All members in the same family have the same functional group and with similar …………………… properties. 7. A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that determine the ……........ properties of an organic compound. Name of homologous series Alkane Functional Group C-H bond - C = C - double bond - OH hydroxyl group Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester O C – O- 8 ……………………. are compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formula. The phenomenon whereby two or more molecules have the similar molecular formula but different structural formula is called ……………… 12 Worksheet 2 : ALKANE a) Complete the table below. Number of Carbon Structural formula Molecular formula Name of alkane Condition at room temperature CH4 Methane Gas 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C7H16 8 C8H18 9 10 13 b Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f (a) Incomplete combustion (limited O2 ) Complete combustion with excess O2 Methane Substitution reaction (chlorination) (c) (b) Excess chlorine Sunlight or heat (d) (e) (f) Worksheet 3 : ALKENE (a) Give name for each alkene compounds below Cl CH3 Cl CH3 = 14 (b) Fill in the blanks. Alkenes are …………………. hydrocarbons. The names end with …………………… The general formula for alkenes is …………………………… Generally alkenes have …………………….. melting and boiling point but ………………..as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. Alkenes have ……………… densities but increases as the number of carbon per atom increases. Alkenes ……………… dissolve in water but are ………………………. in organic solvents. Alkenes …………………. conduct electricity. Alkenes burn with more ……………… flame compared with alkanes of the same number of carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is …………………… Compare to alkane, alkene is ………………… reactive. more , cannot , soluble , sooty , higher , low, more ,low, increases, unsaturated, ene, CnH2n Worksheet 4 : ALKENE Fill in the blank boxes by giving the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for every reaction of propene below. a) b) excess O2, heat limited O2 heat acidified KMnO4 (aq) h) c) Propene H2 / Ni .180o C g) Cl2(aq) f) HCl (g) Addition polymerization H2O(g) 300 C,60 atm, H3PO4 d) e) 15 Worksheet 5 : ALKANE AND ALKENE (a) Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and alkene. Complete the table. Reaction Reaction with oxygen Observation Hexane Hexane burns with a yellow sooty flame Reaction with bromine No visible change Reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution No visible change (b) Calculate the percentage of carbon in (i) Hexene hexane (ii) hexane Which compound can be a good fuel ? Explain . (c) (d) List down 5 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene. (i) ………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) …………………………………………………………………………………………. (iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………. (iv) ………………………………………………………………………………………….. (v) …………………………………………………………………………………………. Construct 5 isomers from C6 H12 and give name to each isomer. 16 Worksheet 6 : ALCOHOL a) Summarize the physical properties of alcohols in the table below Physical properties Physical state at room temperature Description Smell and colour Solubility in water Volatility Boiling point b) State the uses of alcohols in everyday life. c) List the harmful effects of alcohols d) Propanol can be dehydrated into propene by using the apparatus below. Label i) , ii) , iii) , iv) and v) i………………. v…………. ii ……………… iv ………… iii ……..…… 17 Worksheet 7 Comparison between ethanol and ethene Similarity FACTORS SIMILARITY a. Elements present b. Number of atoms c. Type of bond d. Combustion e. reaction with KMnO4 Difference FACTORS DIFFERENCE a. Type of atom Molecules contain oxygen atom b. Functional group Contain –O-H bond c. Physical state Exists as a liquid at room temperature d. Solubility Soluble in water e. Nature of flame Burns with a non-sooty flame 18 Worksheet 8 : CARBOXYLIC ACID a) Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethyl ethanoate. I Ethene Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate II Ethanoic acid III Based on the figure above, state process I :……………………………………………………… process II :……………………………………………………….. process III :……………………………………………….……… b) Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory Write the chemical reaction that involve. c) Write the observation of every test for ethanoic acid below. 1 Test a. Ethanoic acid + metal carbonate b. Gas released + lime water 2 a. Ethanoic acid + magnesium b. Gas given off + lighted splinter 3 a. Ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide solution b. Ethanoic acid + copper(II)oxide 4 Glacial ethanoic acid + ethanol + concentrated sulphuric acid + heat ; . Then the boiling contents are poured into a beaker half filled with water. 19 Observation Worksheet 9 : ESTER Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise the esters name. Formula Name Carboxylic acid Alcohol HCOOC2H5 Ethyl methanoate Methanoic acid Ethanol a) CH3 COOCH3 b) CH3 COOC3H7 c) C2H5 COOCH3 d) C3 H7COOC3H7 Worksheet 10 : FATS AND OILS Fill in the blank with the correct answer. 1 Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called __________ 2 They are natural _______________ 3 They are product of the reaction between __________________ and ____________ 4 Fats are usually found in animal and they are _____________ while oil is fat from plant and also from animal but they are ________________ at room condition. 5. Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 __________ atoms per molecule. 6 A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a monoester, diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an _______________ (-COO-). 7 . Most fats and oils are _____________ 8. As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as ____________ 9 Fats are an important source of ____________ for our body. 20 10 ________________ fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making them ____________ . This can lead to ________________, ____________ and ________________ 11 The purposes of researches on biotechnical aspect of the palm oil in Malaysia are (i) _____________________________ (ii) _______________________________ (iii) _______________________________ 12 The importance of oil palm industry to the development of the country in Malaysia are (i) ______________________________________ (ii)_______________________________________ (iii)_______________________________________ Worksheet 11 : palm oil a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil. Oil palm fruit bunches The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min. The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria Stripping Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the palm oil fruits Pressing The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a vacuum drier. 21 b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils i) …………………………………………………………………. ii) …………………………………………………………………… iii) ………………………………………………………………….. iv) …………………………………………………………………. v) …………………………………………………………………. Worksheet 12 : NATURAL RUBBER Give explanation for every situation below: a) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air. b) When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly. c) When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate. d) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below. Aspect Unvulcanised rubber Structure Oxidation Resistance of heat Strength Elasticity 22 Vulcanised rubber