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CARBON COMPOUNDS
CARBON COMPOUND
ORGANIC COMPOUND
HYDROCARBONS
SATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
ALKANE
ALKANE
INORGANIC COMPOUND
NON
HYDROCARBONS
UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
SALT CARBONATE
MINERAL
GAS
ACID
ALCOHOL
CARBOXCYLIC ACID
ESTER
FAT AND OIL
ALKENE
Carbon is placed in Group 14. It has 4 electrons In its outer most shell.
An atom of carbon shares with 4 hydrogen atoms to obtained
the stability of inert gas elements.
The first member in this group is the simplest compound, methane.
Carbon-carbon atoms in alkanes are bonded with single covalent bond.
GENERAL FORMULA : Cn H 2n + 2
1
1090 28’
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE
1
On going down the alkanes series, the relative molecular mass increases caused by
the increase in molecular size.
2
When the molecular size increases, the melting and boiling point increase. This is
because the larger the molecular size, the stronger the Van Der Waals forces of
attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to overcome the
forces of attraction during melting or boiling.
3
4
All alkanes are less dense than water.
All alkanes are colourless and insoluble in water . Alkanes are soluble in organic
solvent.
Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of molecules. They don’t have freely
moving ions. Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.
5
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE
1
2
3
4
5
6
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain single covalent bonds.
This single covalent bonds are strong and not reactive.
Alkanes are neutral compound, they have no effect on blue or red litmus paper.
Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
The alkanes burn with a sooty flame if the combustion is not complete.
Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction – atom of H is replaced with Cl or Br with the
presence of light or UV rays.
2
METHANE
- Known as natural
gas.
- Formed as an
product of the
anaerobic decay of
plants
- Can cause fire in
landfills and peat
swamps
Uses :
- as a fuel in a gas turbine and system reboiler
- as a fuel for domestic heating and cooking
- as a feedstock for the production of hydrogen,
methanol, acetic acid and acetic anhydride.
- as greenhouse gas ( 21 times more effective at
trapping heat than carbon dioxide
ALKENE
The chemical structure of
ethylene,
the simplest alkene
1200
1200
0
120
1
2
3
4
5
6
3,5-DIMETHYLHEX-2-ENE
Physical properties of alkenes
-
have almost identical physical properties as alkanes
-
the first 3 alkenes, C2 to C4 , are gases at room temperature.
-
al alkenes have low melting points and boiling points. As the molecule become larger,
there is a gradual increase in the melting and boiling points.
-
Alkenes less dense than water. Densities of the alkenes increase with the increasing
carbon chains.
-
Alkene do not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
-
All alkenes do not conduct electricity.
3
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES
+ H2
Additional reaction : hydrgenation
etene
Additional reaction : bromination
1,2-dibromoetane
H
HBr
etene
1,-bromoetana
3 :ADDITION
OF HALIDE
Additional reaction
Addition of halide
_
+ H2O
Ethanol
Etene
H
OH
Addition reaction : hydration
[O]
_
[ OXYDATION ]
Etane-1,2-diol
OH OH
Oxidation reaction : alkene reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
4
COMBUSTION REACTION :
Alkene burns completely in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
If the combustion is not complete ( limited oxygen) carbon monoxide and soot(carbon) are
produced.
5
ALCOHOL
Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that has
Functional group of – OH ( HYDROXYL)
GENERAL FORMULA : CnH2n+1OH
The melting point of alcohol is higher than alkane and alkene due to the presence of
hydroxyl group. This is because –OH group forms hydrogen bonding
that is stronger than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.
Methanol, ethanol and propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols
decreases as the molecular mass increases.
Naming the alcohol compound is likely to alkane. Replace the ending – ane to anol
C1 is numbered from the carbon that nearest to –OH.
Alcohols are used as fuels, solvents, in medicine, in making cosmetics and as a main
component in alcoholic drinks.
methanol
ethanol
propan-1-ol
OH
propan-2-ol
OH
OH
pentan-2,3,4- triol
Reactions of alcohols
Combustion
(produces water
and CO2)
Oxidation
(produces
carboxylic acid)
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Dehydration
( produces
alkene)
Esterification
(produces ester)
ETHANOL CAN BE PRODUCED INDUSTRIALLY BY TWO PROCESS ES
a) THE HYDRATION OF ETHENE
+
H – OH
( Water )
( H3 PO4) , 300o C , 65 atm
Ethanol
Ethene
b) THE FERMENTATION OF SUGAR OR STARCH.
Lime water
Turns chalky
Means that CO2
Is released
Glucose + yeast
Thermometer
Water out
Liebig Condenser
Product of
fermentation
water in
Distilate (ethanol)
produced at 78o C
Fermentation is used to produce alcoholic drinks.
Yeast is added and left for several days in the absence of air at not more than 40o C.
Higher temperature will kill the yeast and the reaction will stop.
The zymase enzymes in yeast breaks down the sugar and starch into glucose and
then to ethanol and liberated carbon dioxide.
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OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL WILL FORM CARBOXYLIC ACID
OH
[O]
OH
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
an organic acid with carboxyl
Uses :
- food preservative ( benzoic
acid)
- food flavouring
- ethanoic acid and methanoic
acid are used to coagulate
latex in rubber industry
- making ester and soft drinks
O
group –COOH (
C - OH
)
General formula
CnH2n + 1 COOH
CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS
Ethanoic acid normally prepared
by oxidation of an alcohol
Ethanoic acid
- colourless liquid at room
conditions.
- has sharp and pungent smell.
- boiling point 118o C
- soluble in water
- pH 3 - 4
weak acid and names end with
‘oic acid’ . Eg. ethanoic acid.
Chemical properties of ethanoic acid
reacts with
metal to
liberate
hydrogen
gas
reacts with
bases to
form salt
and water
only
reacts with
carbonate to
form salt,
water and
carbon dioxide
8
reacts with
alcohol or
esterification
reaction.
product of an esterification
reaction between a carboxylic
acid and an alcohol.
Ester is a non-hydrocarbon
organic compound
contain carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen
the functional
group is –COO- or
carboxylate group
ESTERS
The general formula is
CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1
uses of ester,
- as food flavouring
- to pleasant aromas for
making perfumes
- as organic solvents for
glue, varnish and paint
found in flowers and fruits.
The fragrance of flowers and
fruits is due to the presence
of esters
the name of an ester consists of two words.
The first word originates from alcohols, the
second is from the carboxylic acids. All of
them end with ‘-oate’
- esters are colourless liquids
- sweet and fruity smell
- volatile, insoluble
- less dense than water
Preparation of ethanoic acid
Ethanol
water out
oil bath
water in
Acidified
potassium
dichromate(VI)
solution
ethanoic
acid
9
FATS AND OILS
Vegetable oils such as palm
oils, coconut oil, corn oil and
groundnut oil can be used to
manufacture various products
such as condensed milk,
candle, soap and margarine.
our body need fats/oils
because
- source of energy
- thermal insulation
- protection
- source of nutrients
belong to a group of
organic compounds
known as lipids
they are naturally
occurring esters and are
found in plants and
animals
FATS
AND
OILS
they are ester formed from
three molecules of fatty acid
and molecule of glycerol
saturated fats
- contain saturated carboxylic acid
- contain a high percentage of
cholesterol
- palmitic acid and stearic acid form
saturated fats/oils
CH2OH
CHOH
Unsaturated fats
– contain unsaturated carboxylic acid
( there are –C=C- )
- it can turn to saturated fats by
hydrogenation reaction
- Hydrogenation process is
also known as hardening
process
- oleic acid and linoleic acid form
unsaturated fats/ oils
R 1COOH
R2 COOH
+
CH2OH
glycerol
(alcohol)
R3 COOH
carboxylic acid
(fatty acids)
O
║
CH2 – O – C – R1
O
║
CH – O - C – R2
O
║
CH2 – O – C – R1
trigleycerides ( fats and oils
)
10
Comparison of fats and oils
Comparison
Oils
Source
plants
Animals
< 20 / lower
> 20 / higher
Liquid
Solid / semi solid
low
high
Peanut oil, soybean oil
Butter , lard
Contain a high percentage of
unsaturated carboxylic acid
Contain a high percentage of
saturated carboxylic acid
Melting point o C
Physical state at room
temperature
Cholesterol content
Examples
Molecular structure
Fats
Similarities
In terms of
Molecular formula
similarities
Type of compound
The molecules contain of elements carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
They are naturally occurring esters
Type of bond
They are big covalent molecules.
NATURAL RUBBER
Natural rubber
Vulcanised rubber – natural rubber is
protein
membrane
which is
negatively
charged
heated with sulphur at about 140o C
using zinc oxide as catalyst. Or
mixing natural rubber with a solution
rubber
molecule
of sulphur monochloride ( S2 Cl2 ) in
methylbenzene
Milky fluid obtained from tapped rubber tree is called latex. Natural rubber is a soft, white solid
and is an elastomer. Vulcanisation is carried out to improve the properties of natural rubber.
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WORKSHEETS
Worksheet 1 : Carbon Compound
1.
Carbon compounds are compounds which contain ………………
2.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds containing …………….. and
…………….atoms only. Some organic compounds also contain other element such
as oxygen, nitrogen and halogens ; the compounds are called ………………….
3.
Saturated hydrocarbons contain entirely of carbon-carbon ……………….. bonds.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one carbon-carbon ……………… bond or
carbon-carbon triple bonds.
4.
The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the………………………….
of each element present in one molecule of the substance.
5.
The structural formula of an organic compound is the formula that shows the
……………………………….. and the covalent bonds between atom in a molecule of
the compound.
6.
A ……………………series is a family of organic compounds with each member of
the family differing from the previous member by having one more group of atoms
–CH2 . All members in the same family have the same functional group and with
similar …………………… properties.
7.
A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that determine the ……........
properties of an organic compound.
Name of homologous series
Alkane
Functional Group
C-H bond
- C = C - double bond
- OH hydroxyl group
Alcohol
Carboxylic acid
Ester
O
C – O-
8
……………………. are compounds which have the same molecular formula but
different structural formula. The phenomenon whereby two or more molecules have the
similar molecular formula but different structural formula is called ………………
12
Worksheet 2 : ALKANE
a) Complete the table below.
Number
of
Carbon
Structural formula
Molecular
formula
Name of
alkane
Condition at
room
temperature
CH4
Methane
Gas
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C7H16
8
C8H18
9
10
13
b
Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f
(a)
Incomplete
combustion
(limited O2 )
Complete combustion
with excess O2 Methane
Substitution reaction
(chlorination)
(c)
(b)
Excess chlorine
Sunlight or heat
(d)
(e)
(f)
Worksheet 3 : ALKENE
(a) Give name for each alkene compounds below
Cl
CH3
Cl
CH3
=
14
(b) Fill in the blanks.
Alkenes are …………………. hydrocarbons. The names end with …………………… The
general formula for alkenes is ……………………………
Generally alkenes have …………………….. melting and boiling point but ………………..as the
number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. Alkenes have ……………… densities but
increases as the number of carbon per atom increases.
Alkenes ……………… dissolve in water but are ………………………. in organic solvents.
Alkenes …………………. conduct electricity.
Alkenes burn with more ……………… flame compared with alkanes of the same number of
carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is ……………………
Compare to alkane, alkene is ………………… reactive.
more , cannot , soluble , sooty , higher , low, more ,low, increases, unsaturated, ene, CnH2n
Worksheet 4 : ALKENE
Fill in the blank boxes by giving the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for
every reaction of propene below.
a)
b)
excess O2,
heat
limited O2
heat
acidified
KMnO4 (aq)
h)
c)
Propene
H2 / Ni
.180o C
g)
Cl2(aq)
f)
HCl (g)
Addition
polymerization
H2O(g)
300 C,60 atm,
H3PO4
d)
e)
15
Worksheet 5 : ALKANE AND ALKENE
(a)
Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and
alkene. Complete the table.
Reaction
Reaction with oxygen
Observation
Hexane
Hexane burns with a yellow
sooty flame
Reaction with bromine
No visible change
Reaction with acidified
potassium
manganate(VII) solution
No visible change
(b)
Calculate the percentage of carbon in (i)
Hexene
hexane
(ii) hexane
Which compound can be a good fuel ? Explain .
(c)
(d)
List down 5 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene.
(i)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iv)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(v)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
Construct 5 isomers from C6 H12 and give name to each isomer.
16
Worksheet 6 : ALCOHOL
a)
Summarize the physical properties of alcohols in the table below
Physical properties
Physical state at room temperature
Description
Smell and colour
Solubility in water
Volatility
Boiling point
b)
State the uses of alcohols in everyday life.
c)
List the harmful effects of alcohols
d)
Propanol can be dehydrated into propene by using the apparatus below.
Label i) , ii) , iii) , iv) and v)
i……………….
v………….
ii ………………
iv …………
iii ……..……
17
Worksheet 7
Comparison between ethanol and ethene
Similarity
FACTORS
SIMILARITY
a. Elements present
b. Number of atoms
c. Type of bond
d. Combustion
e. reaction with KMnO4
Difference
FACTORS
DIFFERENCE
a. Type of atom
Molecules contain oxygen
atom
b. Functional group
Contain –O-H bond
c. Physical state
Exists as a liquid at room
temperature
d. Solubility
Soluble in water
e. Nature of flame
Burns with a non-sooty flame
18
Worksheet 8 : CARBOXYLIC ACID
a)
Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethyl ethanoate.
I
Ethene
Ethanol
Ethyl ethanoate
II
Ethanoic
acid
III
Based on the figure above, state
process I
:………………………………………………………
process II
:………………………………………………………..
process III
:……………………………………………….………
b)
Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory
Write the chemical reaction that involve.
c)
Write the observation of every test for ethanoic acid below.
1
Test
a. Ethanoic acid + metal carbonate
b. Gas released + lime water
2
a. Ethanoic acid + magnesium
b. Gas given off + lighted splinter
3
a. Ethanoic acid + sodium hydroxide solution
b. Ethanoic acid + copper(II)oxide
4
Glacial ethanoic acid + ethanol +
concentrated sulphuric acid + heat ;
.
Then the boiling contents are poured into a
beaker half filled with water.
19
Observation
Worksheet 9 : ESTER
Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise the
esters name.
Formula
Name
Carboxylic acid
Alcohol
HCOOC2H5
Ethyl methanoate
Methanoic acid
Ethanol
a) CH3 COOCH3
b) CH3 COOC3H7
c) C2H5 COOCH3
d) C3 H7COOC3H7
Worksheet 10 : FATS AND OILS
Fill in the blank with the correct answer.
1
Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called __________
2
They are natural _______________
3
They are product of the reaction between __________________ and ____________
4
Fats are usually found in animal and they are _____________ while oil is fat from plant
and also from animal but they are ________________ at room condition.
5.
Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 __________ atoms per
molecule.
6
A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a
monoester,
diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins to the
glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an _______________
(-COO-).
7
. Most fats and oils are _____________
8.
As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as ____________
9
Fats are an important source of ____________ for our body.
20
10
________________ fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and
making them ____________ . This can lead to ________________, ____________ and
________________
11
The purposes of researches on biotechnical aspect of the palm oil in Malaysia are
(i) _____________________________
(ii) _______________________________
(iii) _______________________________
12
The importance of oil palm industry to the development of the country in Malaysia are
(i) ______________________________________
(ii)_______________________________________
(iii)_______________________________________
Worksheet 11 : palm oil
a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.
Oil palm fruit bunches
The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large
pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min.
The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria
Stripping
Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the
palm oil fruits
Pressing
The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse
fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification
tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a
vacuum drier.
21
b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils
i) ………………………………………………………………….
ii) ……………………………………………………………………
iii) …………………………………………………………………..
iv) ………………………………………………………………….
v) ………………………………………………………………….
Worksheet 12 : NATURAL RUBBER
Give explanation for every situation below:
a) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.
b) When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.
c) When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.
d) Compare the unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.
Aspect
Unvulcanised rubber
Structure
Oxidation
Resistance of heat
Strength
Elasticity
22
Vulcanised rubber