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VERSION X
General Geology Section 004
Final Exam
December 9, 2006
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FINAL EXAM
VERSION X
General Geology
December 9, 2006
Select the BEST answer for each question. The final exam is worth 108 points. Each
question is worth 1.5 points.
1. Which of the following particles (all the same volume) would settle out of a
stream last?
a. gold
c. olivine
b. quartz
d. kaolinite
2. The following flow terms in order of INCREASING velocity (fastest last) are:
a. solifluction, mudflow, creep
b. debris avalanche, mudflow, solifluction
c. mudflow, creep, debris slide
d. none of these
3. Geologists refer to the region whose surface is drained by the tributary system
of a given stream as that stream’s ______.
a. flow area
c. divide
b. watershed
d. valley
4. Which of the following would most likely produce the thickest soil?
a. basalt on a steep slope with no vegetation
b. granite on a gentle slope with no vegetation
c. basalt on a gentle slope with much vegetation
d. granite on a steep slope with no vegetation
5. If the ________ content of ground water increases _________ are formed.
a. carbonic acid… …caves
c. carbon dioxide… …stalactites
b. carbonic acid… …stalagmites
d. hydrochloric acid… …caves
6. Exfoliation results in_____________.
a. conversion of feldspar into clay
b. thick soil covered rock
c. metamorphism
d. all of these
7. Metamorphism may involve all of the following except ________.
a. formation of new minerals
c. metasomatism
b. changes in texture
d. complete melting of the rock
8. Which of the following is NOT a clastic rock?
a. limestone
c. greywacke
b. arkose
d. shale
9. About ____ % of sea water is dissolved materials.
a. 15
c. 5
b. 50
d. 90
10. A sill will have _________
a. vesicles at its top
b. chill zones above and below
c. baked zones above and below
d. all of the above
11. A fast moving landslide is MOST likely under which condition?
a. steep slope
c. damp debris
b. vegetated hill
d. high temperatures
12. The half life of the carbon-14 isotope is 5730 years. If there were 12 billion
atoms of C-14 in a particular organism at the time it died, how many atoms of
C-14 would there be in the remains of that organism 11,460 years after it died?
a. 1 billion
c. 2 billion
b. 3 billion
d. 4 billion
13. ___ rock is formed by crystallization from a melt
a. sedimentary
c. magma
b. igneous
d. metamorphic
14. Why are deep focus earthquakes concentrated in subduction zones?
a. because subduction zones redirect earthquakes into the earth
b. this is where descending plates sink into the mantle against another plate
c. because this is where all faults originate
d. softer rocks in subduction zones cause faults to sink to deep depths here
15. A volcanic rock that crystallized around bubble-like pockets of trapped gas is
described as have a ______ texture.
a. porphyritic
c. vesicular
b. phenocrysts
d. holy
16. The lithosphere is ________.
a. the same as the crust
b. the layer beneath the crust
c. the crust and uppermost mantle
d. only part of the mantle
17. The magma of volcanoes that is ____ and has a large amount of _____ tend to
erupt explosively.
a. very viscous… …gas
c. hot… …oxygen
b. not viscous… …oxides
d. not viscous… …gas
18. _________ streams develop across structures in previously deformed and buried
rock
a. exhumed
c. relic
b. superposed
d. subsequent
19. Regional uplift may cause a meandering stream to begin downward erosion into
resistant rock. This type of stream is called _________ stream.
a. rejuvenated
c. subsequent
b. braided
d. superposed
20. Below the rigid (brittle) zone, glacial ice deforms and moves ______.
a. by sliding along the base of the glacier
c. by plastic flow
b. by sliding along fractures and cracks
d. as a rigid block
21. All earthquake activity ceases at 670 miles (about 430 miles) because rocks
below that level:
a. are too dense
c. behave brittle
b. behave plastically
d. do not transmit body waves
22. The point at which the rocks first break along a fault is the ______ of the
earthquake.
a. scarp
c. epicenter
b. focus
d. trace
23. In a humid climate, oxides and ions are leached and carried along with clays
from the light-colored _________ horizon downward to where they tend to
accumulate in the darker colored (usually red)_______ horizon.
a. A… …C
c. C… …E
b. O… …A
d. E… …B
24. Porphyritic rocks are interpreted to have formed ______.
a. under water
c. along mid-ocean ridges
b. in chill zones
d. through two phases of
crystallization
25. The two most abundant elements in the earth’s crust are:
a. granite and basalt
c. silicon and oxygen
b. calcium and sodium
d. iron and nickel
26. Which rock group can be changed by elevated temperature and pressure to
produce a metamorphic rock?
a. sedimentary
c. intrusive igneous
b. extrusive igneous
d. all of the above
27. Chemical weathering is most intense in a _______ and ______ climate.
a. dry… …cold
c. wet… …cold
b. wet… …hot
d. dry… …wet
28. Bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum is actually a ______ soil.
a. pedalfer
c. pedocal
b. hardpan
d. calcrete
29. The geothermal gradient provides ___________for ____________
metamorphism.
a. heat… …contact
c. heat… …regional
b. directed pressure… …regional
d. lithostatic pressure… …contact
30. By definition, stocks differ from batholiths in __________.
a. size
c. chemical composition
b. shape
d. all of the above
31. Why are extrusive igneous rocks fine-grained? Because of ______
a. rapid cooling
c. slow cooling within Earth
b. presence of water
d. high silica content
32. In searching for petroleum deposits, one would look for:
a. anticlines
c. faults
b. sand pinch outs in shale
d. all of these
33. Sharing of electrons occurs with _______ bonding
a. ionic
c. hydrogen
b. opposite charges attracting
d. none of these
34. Which of the following features is NOT composed of till:
a. drumlin
c. terminal moraine
b. esker
d. lateral moraine
35. Marble is
a. a variety of sandstone
b. formed by contact metamorphism
c. formed by directed pressure
d. all of the above
36. A clastic sedimentary rock with a angular gravel fraction composed of chert
would be called a:
a. conglomerate
c. breccia
b. quartz sandstone
d. siltstone
37. Alluvial fans differ from deltas and abyssal fans in that they are ________.
a. erosional features
c. deposited in water bodies
b. deposited in mountainous areas
d. composed of sediment
38. Gabbro and basalt are different in _______.
a. texture
c. mineralogy
b. chemistry
d. the kind of magma that each crystallized from
39. Silt and clay size grains that are carried in the stream water above the bed are
said to move by _____________.
a. solution
c. traction
b. suspension
d. rolling and sliding
40. When magma fills a crack that cuts discordantly across the pre-existing layering
of the country rock, the result is an igneous ________.
a. sill
c. batholith
b. dike
d. mantle
41. When outwash sediments surround an isolated, stagnant block of ice, a(n)
______ is left behind when the ice block melts.
a. arête
c. horn
b. drumlin
d. kettle
42. An eroded fold with the youngest rocks in the center is a:
a. syncline
c. anticline
b. stalagmite
d. incline
43. If you notice that trees, fence posts or telephone poles are no longer vertical
above a gently inclined ground surface, this may indicate that ____ is occurring.
a. frost wedging
c. creep
b. debris flow
d. sublimation
44. The faster flowing water along a meander loop would be ____.
a. along the inside of the loop near the point bar
b. along the center line of the stream channel
c. along the outside of the loop near the cut bank
d. along the channel bed at the very deepest part of the channel
45. A sinkhole is formed by:
a. dissolution of limestone by carbonic acid
b. a block ice inhibiting sedimentation on the outwash plain
c. erosion by glacial ice in the mountains
d. isostacy caused by glacial ice pushing down on the earth
46. The low ridges that are sometimes formed along the edge of a stream channel
during flood stage are called __________
a. moraines
c. levees
b. eskers
d. oxbows
47. A contact between rock that indicates missing geologic time is:
a. a disconformity
b. a nonconformity
c. an angular unconformity
d. all of the above
48. The rocks in the area around the University are about ___________years old.
a. 30,000
c. 300,000
b. 3,000,000
d. 300,000,000
49. In a well drilled into a confined aquifer to the bottom of the aquifer, which of
the following is may be true concerning the water level in the well.
a. it will rise to the ground surface and flow freely at the surface
b. it will rise to the ground surface, but will not flow
c. it will rise above the level of the aquifer
d. none of these
50. Which rock would make the best aquifer?
a. shale - 30% porosity
c. mudstone - 20% porosity
b. sandstone - 20% porosity
d. granite - 1% porosity
51. When water is pumped out of an unconfined aquifer through a well faster than
ground water can replace the pumped water, a _______ develops in the water
table.
a. cone of depression
c. ground water mound
b. confined aquifer
d. artesian well
52. Permeability is the measure of ______.
a. how much of the rock volume is composed of the pore spaces between
solid grains
b. the viscosity of the fluid
c. how easily a fluid can pass through a rock
d. the percentage of pore space filled with water
53. If rock A cuts across rock B, then rock A is ____ rock B.
a. younger than
c. the same age as
b. older than
d. now part of rock C along with
54. The interpretation that Earth’s outer core is liquid comes from:
a. density calculations
c. studies of meteorites
b. P wave shadow zone
d. S wave shadow zone
55. If the hanging wall has moved down, the fault is:
a. thrust
c. reverse
b. normal
d. strike slip
56. A“500-year” recurrence-interval flood has a ______ chance of occurring in a
given year.
a. 1-in-500
c. 5-in-500
b. 20%
d. none of these
57. A ___ is a remnant of an older flood plain or river-eroded flat surface that is
now evident above the active channel and flood plain.
a. levee
c. incised meander
b. cut bank
d. stream terrace
58. A(n) ______ is a streamlined hill of till that has been remolded beneath a
glacier.
a. lateral moraine
c. drumlin
b. esker
d. kame
59. The moraine that marks the greatest extent of the glacier and that marks the
divide between glaciated and un-glaciated terrain is called the _____ moraine.
a. terminal
c. medial
b. lateral
d. recessional
60. A sinuous deposit of sand deposited by a stream that flowed on top of, within or
beneath a glacier is called a(n) ______.
a. lateral moraine
c. drumlin
b. esker
d. varve
61. In a slump block (rotational slide) which is true?
a. Slides are intact blocks that have moved down along a curved failure
surface
b. Slides are intact blocks that have moved along a planar failure surface
c. Material simply moves down slope without specifying the mode of
movement
d. Material moves as a perfectly rigid block on top of a liquid layer
62. The two MOST important influences on mass wasting are:
a. size and shape of the material involved
b. composition and slope of material involved
c. gravity and the amount of water in the material involved
d. amount of clay and gravel in the material
63. The alluvial aquifer in eastern Arkansas _______.
a. is confined
c. does not have artesian wells
b. has aquatard units above and below d. all of these
64. The main island of Hawaii is an excellent example of a_________.
a. cinder cone
c. strata volcano
b. composite volcano
d. shield volcano
65. Which mineral has three directions of cleavage?
a. pyroxene
c. quartz
b. halite
d. all of these
SLIDES
SLIDES
SLIDES
66. What type of volcano is shown?
a. shield
b. cinder cone
c. composite
d. ash down
67. What is shown in this pictures?
a. left lateral fault
b. right strike slip fault
c. left strike slip fault
d. thrust fault
68. What is shown in the center of the picture?
a. oxbow lake
c. lateral moraine
b. medial moraine
d. esker
69. What radiates from the volcanic plug?
a. lava flow
b. batholith
c. dike
d. sill
70. This water feature is a ____________.
a. swamp
b. oxbow lake
c. kettle
d. tarn
71. This disaster is the result of the sudden formation of a_______________
a. sinkhole
c. kettle
b. pot hole
d. none of these
72. This feature is a _______
a. xenolith
b. erratic
c. stope block
d. phenocryst