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Matter and Change
CHEMISTRY AS THE CENTRAL SCIENCE
2.1 Properties of Matter
Essential Understanding
All matter has certain characteristics, or properties, that can be
used to classify and identify it.
Lesson Summary
Describing Matter All properties used to identify matter are either extensive or intensive
properties.
Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter in a
sample.
An intensive property, such as density, depends not on the amount of matter in a sample,
but on the type of matter.
A substance is a type of matter that has a definite composition and can be identified by
its unique set of properties.
A physical property can be observed without changing a substance’s composition.
States of Matter The three most common states of matter on Earth are solid, liquid, and gas.
A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume.
A liquid has a definite volume, but it takes the shape of its container.
A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container.
A vapor is the gaseous state of a substance that is usually a solid or a liquid at room
temperature.
Physical Changes The identity of a material does not change during a physical change.
Some physical changes, such as melting or boiling, are reversible.
Some physical changes, such as breaking or cutting, are irreversible.
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BUILD Math Skills
Negative Numbers Negative numbers are numbers that are less than zero and are
indicated with a minus sign in front of the number. Negative numbers lie to the left of
zero on a number line.
On a number line, the number to the left is less than the number to the right.
Since −3 is to the left of −2, −3 is less than −2.
When adding numbers of the same sign, you add the absolute
value of the numbers and give the result the same sign as
the numbers.
If you are adding numbers of different signs, you treat the
negative sign as a minus sign and subtract the negative
number from the positive number.
When subtracting a number, you can think of it as adding
its opposite. For instance, if you have −2 − (−3), you would
take the opposite of −3, which is 3, and add it to −2,
so: −2 − (−3) = −2 + 3 = 1.
If you multiply a positive number by a negative number,
the result will be negative. If you multiply a negative number
by a negative number, the result will be positive.
The same rules that apply to multiplication also apply to
division.
Sample Problem What is the answer to −6 − (−3)?
First, determine the opposite of −3
to follow the subtraction rule.
Apply the rule of “add the
opposite” to find the answer.
The opposite
of −3 is 3.
−6 + 3 = −3
Now it’s your turn to practice dealing with negative numbers. Remember the guidelines stated
above when dealing with mathematical properties.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Which number is larger, −234 or −250?
What is the result of −7 + −10 − (−3)?
What is the result of −8 ÷ −2?
What is the result of −4 × 4?
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After reading Lesson 2.1, answer the following questions.
Describing Matter
5. The
contains.
of an object is a measure of the amount of matter the object
6. How does an extensive property differ from an intensive property?
7. Matter that has a uniform and definite composition is called a
.
8. Is the following sentence true or false? All samples of a substance have different physical
properties.
9. A physical property is a quality or condition of a substance that can be
or
without changing the substance’s
composition.
10. Circle the letter of the term that is NOT a physical property.
a. hardness
b. color
c. boiling point
d. melting
11. Look at Table 2.1. What is the melting point of bromine?
12. Look at Table 2.1. Circle the letter of the substance that is a yellow solid and melts at 115°C.
a. sulfur
b. chlorine
c. gold
d. copper
13. Is the following sentence true or false? Physical properties can help a chemist identify a
substance.
States of Matter
14. Circle the letter of the term that is NOT a physical state of matter.
a. water
b. gas
c. liquid
d. solid
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15. Complete the table about the properties of the three states of matter. Use these terms:
definite, indefinite, easily, and not easily.
Properties of the States of Matter
Property
Solid
Liquid
Shape
Volume
Gas or Vapor
indefinite
definite
indefinite
Can be compressed
not easily
16. Match each arrangement of the particles in matter with a physical state.
Physical State
Arrangement
gas
a. packed tightly together
liquid
b. close, but free to flow
solid
c. spaced relatively far apart
17. Is the following sentence true or false? The words gas and vapor describe the same thing.
18. The term gas is limited to those substances that exist in the gaseous state at
.
19. What does vapor describe?
Physical Changes
20. A physical change alters a given material without changing its chemical
.
21. What are some words that describe physical changes?
22. What is true about all physical changes that involve a change of state?
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