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Christianity, Feudalism, and Manorialism The attacks from the Roman religion provided little The Christian faith offered The triumph of Christianity within the Roman Empire was Carpe diem Christianity was born into a world alive Martyrs testified for their faith with their lives. Theologians Characteristics of Christianity This new religion hardly looked “religious.” Christians had no Some pagans accused Christians of being All the first Christians had been Judaism and the Empire In 6 A.D., Augustus made Judea a Roman Province. Jewish War Jewish Factions Three principle factions (groups) arose in Jewish society each The Sadducees were composed of The Pharisees were composed of The Essenes were The Essenes are most famous as the authors of The Origins of Christianity Jesus as a Teacher At around age thirty Jesus declared that when God rules Jesus’ Death High priests in Jerusalem accused Jesus Pontius Pilate washed his hands to make himself innocent of Jesus’ blood and Soon after the ascension, Jesus’ apostles began to establish churches for worship, fellowship, and instruction. The Spread of Christianity Paul and His Mission Saul of Tarsus As a result of this vision He is better known as Paul taught Christians to regard themselves as He was executed in Rome in 62 A.D. Persecutions The Romans asked that reverence be shown on official occasions to the Nero From 303-313 A.D. persecution intensified. The persecution also created a list of venerated martyrs “The blood of the martyr became the seed of the church.” Reasons for the Spread of Christianity Followers of the “mystery cults” found Christian beliefs and practices familiar enough to convert easily to the new faith. 1 The persecutions united them together and The church was eventually officially recognized An Emperor becomes the Church’s Patron In 312, Constantine was battling a rival for supremacy in Italy. Battle of Milvian Bridge “In this sign you shall conquer.” Edict of Milan Just before his death, Constantine was baptized. Theodosius made Christianity Christianity and Roman Law Constantine and his successors gave Constantine repealed Battles Within Christianity Heretics Heresies caused the early church to redefine its positions Orthodox theologians of the second century defined The church also declared that the era of The Government of the Church During the first century, the terms deacon, bishop, and elder appear in church language. Bishops gained the right to Bishops in Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch The Bishop of Rome became the head of Pope Arius In 311 A.D Constantine summoned a council of the church to meet at Nicaea Nicene Creed declared that The Fathers of the Church Some of the most influential leaders of the early church lived in the late 300s A.D. Ambrose (340-397) was the Bishop of Milan. His most important doctrine In 390 Ambrose excommunicated the emperor Theodosius for Popes of later centuries who struggled with leaders of nations owed much of their power to Ambrose. Jerome (340-420) was a learned priest who Vulgate version Augustine (354-430) became the most important of the Church Fathers. He is one of the authors of the idea of predestination He urged all Christians to a life of Confessions The City of God The Rise of the Middle Ages Invasions Triggered Changes Repeated barbarian invasions As the centers of trade and government collapsed, 2 In this new civilization in the west, there were no Assimilation and Synthesis The shattering of the Roman world and its lifestyle by the barbarian invasions released the forces of creative energy. double process of assimilation and synthesis Mediterranean world became divided into three areas: The Bible Translated Into Gothic The conversion of the Germanic barbarians to Christianity Ulfilia brought the Arian version of Christianity to Two other European groups converted to Christianity: The Celts migrated from After Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, they retained Anglo-Saxons The Anglo-Saxons originally dwelt The conquest was completed by Franks The Franks were the most successful of the invading Teutonic peoples. Each group or tribe was ruled by its own chieftain and pursued its own course of migration and settlement. Merovingian Dynasty The Dark Ages Mediaeval man’s first goal was The church remained as the The Time Period of the Middle-Ages 500-1500 A.D. The decline of Rome and the barbarian invasions created three basic problems for European man, and created solutions for these problems: 1) Soultion: 2) Solution: 3) Solution: Major Kingdoms out of the Many Two of the groups of peoples of Europe organized into powerful kingdoms: The Kingdom of the Franks The Franks helped The Merovingian Kingdom 481-751 A.D. This kingdom, initiated by Clovis I, presided over the synthesis of Roman and Germanic societies. One of the reasons Clovis succeeded in becoming sole ruler of Gaul was His capital was at Decline of the Merovingians Clovis died in 511 A.D. “Do-nothing Kings” To resolve disputes over land, the Merovingians relied primarily on Mayor of the palace Pepin of Landen 3 Pepin II of Heristal He retained the title of Mayor but exercised the powers of King He is called the second founder of the Frankish Kingdom. Charles Martel “The Hammer” 714-741 A.D. He was said to be He created an army of mounted warriors Battle of Tours lay investiture Pepin III (The Short) 741-761 Pepin continued the policies of his father In 751 Frankish nobles declared Pepin sent a delegation to the Pope asking about the legitimacy of the change and was told by Pope Zacharias Lombards Pope Stephen II “King by the grace of God” Donation of Pepin The Carolingian Empire Charles the Great or Charlemagne The Frankish kings established Charlemagne was a large man who His main ambition was to bring all the German peoples together into one Christian Empire He suppressed the Bavarians and overcame the Saxons after He ordered the beheading of Only one son outlived him Pepin, Charlemagne, and their descendents Carolingian Renaissance At Aachen (German) or Aix-la-Chapelle (French) Charlemagne promoted learning English Scholar Alcuin Alcuin’s famous maxim was: “Ye lads whose age is fit for learning, learn! The years go by like running water, waste not the teachable days in idleness.” Monks labored to make hand written copies of Latin books and The widespread decline in education had left few persons who could read at all. Poorly educated priests Around the year 800 Carolingian miniscule Carolingian scholars also perfected a distinctive language known as medieval Latin. Death of the Empire of Charlemagne At his death, Charlemagne left a united and apparently strong empire to his only surviving son Louis the Pious. Treaty of Verdun in 843 Lothair Three Positives from the Carolingian Kingdom: 1. 2. 3. Invasions of the Northmen, Muslims, and Magyars 4 In the ninth century, Europe was assaulted by these three groups. Rollo the Viking forced Charles the Simple Feudalism developed out of the chaos of the ninth century It was a political and military system based on Its agreements rested on A vassal is Both the lord and the vassal came from Homage Fealty A vassal could not refuse Scutage The lord could demand The Lord owed his vassal military protection and material support. Because a lord often had no cash Prospective knights were rigidly trained At age 7 At age 14 At age 21 The Accolade Code of Chivalry 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Cowardly knights faced The Fief The lords gift of land to his vassal was called a fief. Investiture Social Classes: Nobles and knights were Men and women of the church were Peasants and Serfs were The Feudal Hierarchy: 1. King: 2. Royal Vassals: 3. Lesser lords: 4. Knights: Manorialism The wealth of the Feudal lords came from A manor was It included: 1. 2. 3. The manor became a self-sufficient economic unit. The manor had three officials: 5 Christianity, Feudalism, Manorialism Terms Carpe Diem Martyr Edict of Milan Heretic Pope Nicene Creed Clovis I Mayor of the Palace Charlemagne Donation of Pepin Alcuin of York Carolingian miniscule Vassal Feudalism Manorialism Homage Fealty Scutage Page Squire Knight Accolade Code of Chivalry Fief Serf Treaty of Verdun 6 7