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Lithosphere-layer of earth divided into tectonic plates Atmosphere- mixture of gases surround earth Asthenosphere-layer of earth which tectonic plates move on Mesosphere- layer of earth that is made of liquid iron and nickel Heat-energy transferred between objects that are different temperatures Conduction-transfer of energy as heat through material (in direct contact) Convection- transfer of energy due to movement of matter, such as liquid or gas; example: heat reaching earth’s surface & moving through the atmosphere and hydrosphere p100101 Convection currents- any movement of matter caused by differences in density; temperature differences that cause differences in density Thermal energy- the total kinetic energy of particles that make up a substance Radiation- transfer of heat or other energy as electromagnetic waves (ex: visible light, infrared waves) Heat flow- transfer of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object Temperature- measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance Water cycle-p108 movement of water between atmosphere, the land, and the ocean Carbon Cycle- p109 cycle through which rock and fossil fuels form; carbon dioxide is used by plants, dead organisms decompose and enrich soil. Nitrogen cycle- p110 some bacteria in soil convert atmospheric nitrogen into other forms of nitrogen that plants can use. Phosphorus cycle- cycle during which plants get a nutrient that is found in soil, rock, and water Parts of the water cycle: condensation, precipitation, transpiration, and evaporation (use diagram on p108 identify) Rock cycle-consists of process by which rock changes form; rock’s location determines which forces act upon the rock; forces that act on rock determine how a rock moves through the cycle Igneous rock-experiences intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes to change it into metamorphic rock Coquina- made of seashells and remains of marine organisms. Organic sedimentary rock Earth- is divided into geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere Geo-rocks and includes crust and mantle Bio-includes parts of atmosphere which is gas Hydro-water