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Download Grammar Year 6 Revision Contents Page 1 Nouns –common/proper
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Grammar Year 6 Revision Contents Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nouns –common/proper/collective/abstract Verbs Adverbs Adverbial phrases Adjectives Adjectival phrases, noun phrases and expanded noun phrases Comparative and superlative adjectives Pronouns Apostrophes – possession/omission Sentences with a purpose Direct and reported speech Clauses NOUNS A noun is a person, place or ‘thing’. Nouns can be classified as one of four types: Common Proper Collective Abstract Common nouns are objects which are not names or people or places. Eg table, chair, rain, flower. Proper nouns are names of people or places and MUST be given a capital letter. Eg: Mrs Brown, London, Great Britain, Queen Victoria, Sketchley Hill Primary School. fleet gaggle courage Collective nouns are words that describe a group of nouns. Eg a flock of birds (‘flock’ is the collective noun) a herd of cows a parliament of owls shoal pack Abstract nouns are often referred to as feelings or emotions. They truth cannot be seen or touched but they are ‘there’. Eg The room was full of sadness. happiness The cat was full of mischief Note the difference between the sentences below: The children were full of hope. [‘hope’ = abstract noun] The hopeful children waited for their reward. [‘hopeful’ = adjective] The children hoped that they would get a reward. [ ‘hoped’ = verb in past tense] Make sure you can classify different nouns into the correct category. Abstract noun Common noun Proper noun Collective noun VERBS Verbs are words which explain an ‘action’. They are commonly known as ‘doing’ words. Verbs can exist in several forms depending upon WHEN the action was / is being / is going to be done. These different forms of the verb are called TENSES. running Look at the following sentences: laughing Fred is singing a song. Fred is doing this NOW so this is called the present tense. The present tense of the verb often ends in ‘ing’ Fred sang a song. Fred has already DONE the singing. This is called the past tense. When using the past tense, some verbs simply end in ‘ed’ however others which are ‘irregular’ use a different form. drove Eg close – closed Watch - watched walked running – ran Writing - wrote washed Fred is going to sing a song. Fred WILL be doing the singing. This is called the future tense. You will need to recognise verbs in different tenses; be able to change verbs from one tense to another. You will also need to remember those tricky verbs that don’t simply add ‘ed’ to make the past tense, Present tense Future tense Past tense dancing ADVERBS An adverb ‘adds something to the verb’ and gives the reader more information about the action by explaining how, where, when and how often the action occurs / will occur / has occurred. There are four types of adverbs… Adverbs of manner …tell us the manner in which an action occurs, will occur / has occurred. Eg loudly, slowly, correctly, easily. Types of adverbs Adverbs of place …tell us about the place of an action or where an action occurs / will occur / has occurred. Eg here, outside, near the wall, on the top, ahead, adjacent to. Adverbs of frequency …tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur. Eg daily, sometimes, often, usually, always. Adverbs of time ...tell us about the time of an action. Eg now, then, soon, tomorrow, yesterday, again, early. Adverbs give the reader more information; they add detail to sentences and are great sentence openers too. Look at the following examples: Fred sang a song. Adverb of manner: Loudly, Fred sang a song. Adverb of place: In his bedroom, Fred sang a song. Adverb of frequency: Every day, Fred sang a song. Adverb of time: Early in the morning, Fred sang a song. How about: Every day, early in the morning, Fred sang a song loudly in his bedroom. ADVERBIAL PHASES An adverb may also be a group of words describing how the action was done. Eg Fred sang like a bird. Sarah sprinted as fast as a cheetah across the field. When an adverb is a group of words, it is called an adverbial phrase. In these examples above however, it is also a simile as it is comparing the ‘manner’ of the verb to something else. As seen in some examples given on the previous page, phrases can also be used as adverbs of time, place and frequency. Eg. Fred sang a song early in the morning. (time) Fred sand a song on top of the mountain. (place) Fred sang a song every day of the year. (frequency) Remember… Adverbs of place Adverbs of manner Adverbs of time Adverbs of frequency ADJECTIVES Adjectives are words which describe a noun. They are really helpful words to give the reader much more information and to help the reader form a picture in their own mind as they read. Take the noun ‘book’ for example. The book lay open on the desk. We know nothing about this book, but adjectives can give us much more information. The old book lay open on the desk. The leather-bound book lay open on the desk. The paperback book lay open on the desk. Some adjectives are very ‘plain’ and it is important not to over use these. For example ‘nice’ adds detail to a noun, but there are much more exciting words that can be used in its place. Words that are alternatives, but that do not change the meaning of the sentence are called SYNONYMS. A thesaurus is very useful to help find synonyms for those boring words that we need to avoid in our writing! charming agreeable acceptable delightful Synonyms for ‘nice’ enjoyable likeable pleasant pleasurable ADJECTIVAL PHRASES and EXPANDED NOUN PHRASES To add even more detail to your descriptions, rather than using just one single adjective, use a group of adjectives, or an expanded noun phrase. When using a group of adjectives to describe a noun, this is called an ADJECTIVAL PHRASE and as it is a ‘list’, commas are needed to separate each adjective. Eg The sporty, red car sped along the road. The old, rotten, oak tree could be seen in the field. When a single adjective or an adjectival phrase is used to describe a noun, this is called a NOUN PHRASE because it includes a noun and some description. To add even more detail, expand the noun BOTH ways by adding more detail AFTER the noun as well as before the noun. Eg The sporty, red car, which had a sunroof, sped along the road. adjectival phrase Information added after the noun needs commas around it. This information here is written as an embedded clause (see ‘clauses’ section) noun Expanded noun phrase COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES A comparative adjective is used to compare two things. Eg Comparative adjective The dog is bigger than the cat A superlative adjective is used to compare three or more things. Eg Superlative adjective The third apple is the biggest. Further examples are below. Note however that not all comparative and superlative follow the simple ‘er’ and ‘est’ pattern. For example, if an adjective ends in a ‘y’ this becomes an ‘i’ when adding the ‘er’ or ‘est’. Others (eg good) are irregular: Adjective close big thin dry fast heavy narrow good little (amount) Comparative form closer bigger thinner drier faster heavier narrower better less Superlative form closest biggest thinnest driest fastest heaviest narrowest best least PRONOUNS When you refer to a person or thing without using its actual name but by using a another word which stands for it, the word used is called a PRONOUN. Eg Sally was running fast. She was running fast. Pronouns help to avoid repeating nouns and make the sentence easier and clearer. Jack had been training hard; Jack had bought some new running shoes and Jack was looking forward to Jack’s first race tomorrow. Could become… Jack had been training hard; he had bought some new running shoes and he was looking forward to his first race tomorrow. It is important however not to overuse pronouns as this can make the sentence confusing. Singular Pronouns I you he she it Plural pronouns we you they me you him her it us you them mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Use of pronoun Pronouns used when the noun is the subject of the sentence Pronouns used when the noun is the object of the sentence Comments and examples ‘I’ is the only pronoun that is always spelt as a capital letter. Jane and I went swimming. We went swimming. Bill and Tom played football. They played football. Ted wanted chips for tea. He wanted chips for tea. The book was given to Tom. The book was given to him. The cat wanted some milk. It wanted some milk. The bus was too full for Joe and Ben to travel. The bus was too full for them to travel. Pronouns The car was Sally’s. The car was hers. used to show The dog was wagging the dog’s tail. The that something dog was wagging its tail. belongs to The ball was Fred and Sarah’s. The ball someone or was theirs. something. APOSTROPHES Apostrophes are used for two purposes: To show that letters have been omitted from a word To show that something belongs to someone. When an apostrophe is used to show an omission (of a letter / letters) the word is called a ‘contraction’ as shown in the following examples: Full or extended form I will They would Did not You are He is I am They will Have not Did not Contracted form I’ll They’d Didn’t You’re He’s I’m They’ll Haven’t Didn’t When an apostrophe is used to show that something belongs to someone or something, the position of the apostrophe depends upon how many ‘owners’ there are: Mrs Brown’s shoes. (one woman) The children’s books (lots of children) The lizard’s legs. (one lizard) The soldier’s uniform. (one soldier) The soldiers’ uniforms (lots of soldiers) NOTE: It’s is a contraction which is short for ‘it is…’ Its is NOT a contraction and shows that something belongs to ‘it’. It is the exception where an apostrophe is NOT used to show possession. Eg The lizard scratched its head with its claws. It’s going to be sunny today, or so the weatherman said. Possession: Omission: The boy’s books. I can’t do it! SENTENCES WITH A PURPOSE A sentence is a group of words which makes complete sense on its own. There are several key elements to a sentence: The SUBJECT is the person or thing that the sentence is about. The VERB is the action that the person or thing is doing. The OBJECT is the person or thing that is having the action done to it! Eg SUBJECT OBJECT VERB The Queen was carrying a bunch of flowers. Many sentences are straightforward statements, but sentences can have different purpsoses: STATEMENTS – sentences which state facts. Eg The weather today was terrible. QUESTIONS - sentences which ask for an answer. Eg What was the weather like today. COMMANDS – sentences which give orders or requests. Eg Don’t go outside in the rain. Shut the door and close the windows! EXCLAMATIONS – sentences which express a strong feeling or emotion. Eg Goodness me, it is raining heavily today! Remember, a sentence needs the appropriate punctuation at the end. For example, a question needs a question mark; a command needs a full stop or an exclamation mark. DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH When a person speaks, it can be written as ‘direct speech’ (the actual words they say) or as ‘reported speech’ (where you report what someone says in your own words). When using direct speech, speech marks (or inverted commas) are needed. “It is raining today,” moaned little girl. direct speech narrative Speech marks around the spoken words Note that before the closing speech marks, an additional form of punctuation is required (in this case a comma is used). When the spoken words are in the middle of a sentence, punctuation (usually a comma) is needed before the first set of speech marks. Eg The little girl moaned, “it’s raining again today.” Speech marks however are NOT required if REPORTED speech is used. Eg The little girl moaned that it was raining again today. CLAUSES A clause is a group of words which contains a verb. It is either a sentence on its own (MAIN CLAUSE) or part of a sentence (SUBORDINATE CLAUSE). A main clause makes sense on its own. In a sentence with more than one clause, it will be the most important clause in the sentence. Eg The man bought a raincoat because the forecast was bad. Main clause ‘The man bought a raincoat’ is the most important clause in this sentence; it makes sense on its own and could be a sentence all but itself. The man bought a raincoat because the forecast was bad. Subordinate clause In the above sentence, the subordinate clause gives the reader more information. (The clause explains why the man bought the raincoat). This clause however is called a subordinate clause because it does not make sense on its own, it only makes sense if it has the main clause to support it. When a subordinate clause appears in the middle of a sentence, it is called an EMBEDDED clause and needs punctuating with commas, brackets or dashes. Eg embedded (subordinate) clause The man, who was wearing a stripy suit, bought a raincoat because the forecast was bad Main clause Subordinate clause Embedded clause