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6-1 A Changing Landscape Earth as an Island Human Activities Among human activities that affect the biosphere are hunting and gathering, agriculture, industry, and urban development Hunting and Gathering agriculture – the practice of farming monoculture in which large fields are planted with a single variety year after year green revolution the development of highly productive crop strains and the use of modern agriculture techniques to increase yields of food crops Challenges for the Future Among human activities that affect the biosphere are hunting and gathering: mass extinction of animals agriculture: planting and growing goods; making medicine; raising animals. Provides us with a dependable food supply; humans gathered in large settlements instead of being dispersed. Industry: exchange of crops around the world; farmers increased their production urban development: Industrial Revolution added machines and factories; increased the amount of people, waste, necessities Industrial Growth and Urban Development 6-3 Biodiversity The Value of Biodiversity Biodiversity: biological diversity; the sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere Ecosystem Diversity variety of habitats, living communities, and ecological processes in the living world Species Diversity number of different species in the biosphere Genetic Diversity sum total of all the different forms of genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth today Biodiversity is one of Earth's greatest natural resources. Species of many kinds have provided us with foods, industrial products, and medicines—including painkillers, antibiotics, heart drugs, antidepressants, and anticancer drugs Threats to Biodiversity Human activity can reduce biodiversity by altering habitats, hunting species to extinction, introducing toxic compounds into food webs, and introducing foreign species to new environments Extinction disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range Endangered Species species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues A. Habitat Alteration Habitat Alteration splitting of ecosystems into small fragments B. Demand for Wildlife Products C. Pollution Biological Magnification increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web D. Introduced Species Invasive Species plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native Human activity can reduce biodiversity by introducing foreign species to new environments Conserving Biodiversity Conservation wise management of natural resources, including the preservation of habitats and wildlife Today, conservation efforts focus on protecting entire ecosystems as well as single species. Protecting an ecosystem will ensure that the natural habitats and the interactions of many different species are preserved at the same time.