Download Ch. 6 Complete Notes

CHAPTER 6 SECTION 1 NOTES
I. The Beginnings of Rome
A. Geography
1. Rome located on the Tiber River and the Palatine Hill
2. Two major mountain ranges
a. Alps to the North
b. Appeninine running up the spine of Italy
3. Boot located in the Middle of the Mediterranean Sea
4. Southern Europe
B. 753 Romulus and Remus
1. Twin sons of Mars and a Latin princess
2. Raised by a she-wolf
C. Three groups make up the Romans
1. Etruscans to North
2. Latins along the Tiber River
3. Greeks in the South
II. The Early Republic ( Public Affairs )
A. Latins and Etruscans start the Republic in 509 B.C.
1. A form of government in which power rest with citizens who have the
right to vote to select the leaders
2. Only free born males had citizenship
B. Patricians were the rich land owners
1. Patrician officials were called consuls
a. Two consuls ran the government
1.Commanded the army and directed the government
C. Plebeians were the common farmers, artisans and merchants
1. Plebeian officials were called tribunes
D. Law of the Twelve Tables
1. Hung in the Forum for all to see
2. Made laws fair for all
E. Senate aristocratic branch of the government
1. Had legislative and administrative ( executive ) duties
2. 300 members at first
3. Centuriat Assembly appointed the consuls made up of patricians
4. Later the Tribal Assembly made up of plebeians elected tribunes
F. In times of crises a dictator would rule for a six month term
G. The Roman Army
1. Basic fighting unit was called a Legion 5000 men
IIII. Rome Spreads its Power
A. Three phases to Roman expansion
1. The boot of Italy
2. Wars with Carthage
a. Punic Wars started in 264 B.C.
b. First Punic War was for the grain fields on Sicily
1. Rome wins looses 100,000 men in Mediterranean
2. Get Greeks to teach them to sail
c. Second Punic War
1. Fought over Carthage coastal colonies in Spain and
France
2. Rome wins
d. Third Punic War
1. Hannibal general of Carthage
2. Fabian Roman general
a. Fabian Policy
1. Wait and See
3. Scipio The Elder Roman general who defeats Hannibal
at the Battle of Carthage
3. The Third Phase was a Domino affect in the east
a. Each city-state was offered Roman protection
b. Each city-state had to give a tribute of tax, grain, and men
CHAPTER 6 SECTION 2 NOTES
I. Expansion Creates Problems in the Republic
A. The gap between rich and poor increased class tensions developed
B. Rich land owners lived on huge estates called latifundia
C. Many of these lands belonged to farmers and soldiers that were forced
to sale their lands
D. Grain prices were down
E. Slaves were all over Rome
F. No Jobs
II. The Republic Collapses
A. Two plebeian brothers try to reason with the Rich
1. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
2. As Tribunes they try to make reforms
3. Tiberius is assassinated in 133 B.C. and Gaius in 121 B.C.
4. Civil War erupts
5. Power struggles within the army try to put down the rebellions
B. Julius Caesar takes control
1. The First Triumvirate
A. 60 B.C. Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey
1. Caesar was away fighting wars in Gaul (France)
2. Caesar soon gained support of the entire army
B. In 49 B.C. Crassus and Pompey order him back to Rome
without his armies, He refuses
C. In 46 B.C. he becomes dictator and soon afterwards dictator
for life
2. Caesar has moderate reforms
a. Gave land to poor in Gaul
b. Created jobs with government projects
1. Aqueducts
2. Roads
3. Buildings
3. Assassinated on March 15, 44 B.C. by his longtime friend Marcus
Brutus in the senate chamber
C. Beginnings of the Empire
1. Second Triumvirate Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian and his friend
Mark Antony take control of Rome along with Lepidus
2. Eventually Lepidus is removed and Octavian and Mark Antony go to
war.
3. Cleopatra from Egypt convinces Antony to attack Octavian at the
Battle of Actium in 31 B.C.
a. Octavian wins
4. Octavian crowns himself Augustus and keep the title imperator
(supreme military commander) where the word emperor comes
from
III. A Vast Powerful Empire
A. Years starting with Augustus rule from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. become known
as the Pax Romana (Roman Peace)
B. Agriculture was the most important industry of the empire
C. Trade flourished
D. Silver coins called a demarius was the coin of the empire
E. Roads interlinked the empire and connected to the Silk Road
F. Many men from foreign lands entered the army
G. Augustus was Rome’s best ruler
1. Set up civil service or government jobs
2. He dies in 14 A.D.
H. Governmental Flaw
1. No legal succession to the throne
I. Bad Rulers
1. Caligula
2. Nero
J. Good Rulers
1. Five good Rulers
a. Nerva in 96
b. Trajan
c. Hadrian
1. Wall in England
d. Antonius Pius
e. Marcus Aurelius
1. 161 – 180 A.D.
2. Empire at height
IV. Life in Imperial Rome
A. Early values (Gravitas)
1. Discipline
2. Strength
3. Loyalty
B. Paterfamilias was the oldest male in family
C. Women almost had the same rights as men, except they could not vote
D. Boy children were more important because they could vote
E. Children became adults at 16
F. Girls were married between 12 and 15 to much older husbands
G. Slavery
1. Widespread and important to the economy
2. Conquered peoples became slaves
3. Considered property
4. Some became gladiators
H. Early gods and goddesses
1. Numia were divine spirits
2. Lares were guardian spirits of each family
3. When they met the Greeks they adopted the gods with different names
I. Entertainment
1. Government provided free game, races, and gladiator events for the
masses
2. Coliseum held 50,000
3. Circus Maximus held 300,000
CHAPTER 6 SECTION 3 NOTES
Intro:
Why Christianity became a widespread religion
A. Embraced all people
B. Gave hope
C. Appealed to those that hated Rome
D. Offered a personal relationship with a LOVING God
E. Promised eternal life after death
I. Jews Come Under Roman Rule
A. Around 63 B.C. Domino Effect was reaching Judea
B. Took control of Judea in 6 A.D.
C. Rome gives control of local church to Jewish court called Sanhedrin
D. Two factions of Jews
1. Zealots that hated Rome and wanted to rebel
2. Another group believing that the Messiah (Savior)(Appointed One)
would soon restore the kingdom for the Jews
II. The Life and Teachings of Jesus
A. Jesus born in Bethlehem northern Judea
B. Raised in village of Nazareth and baptized by John the Baptist
C. At age 30 he began preaching
1. Monotheism
2. Ten Commandments
3. God’s personal relationship
4. Love God, neighbors, enemies
5. Eternal kingdom after death
D. Taught 12 men called Disciples called Apostles later when Paul is added
F. Main source of information about Jesus came from the Gospels
1. First four books of the New Testament
G. Danger to Rome
1. Attracted large crowds
H. Many believed him to be the Messiah
I. Jesus’ Death
1. Growing popularity concerned Roman legions
2. Growing popularity concerned Jewish religious leaders out of job
3. Charged with blasphemy
4. Herod religious leader of Judea
5. Pontius Pilate
6. Barabbas
7. Nailed to cross – crucifixion
8. According to Gospels 3 days later was not in sealed tomb and seen
living by his followers
a. Jesus ascended into heaven
9. Became known as Jesus Christ
a. Christos Greek word for messiah or savior
III. Christianity Spreads through the Empire
A. Jesus first followers were only Jews
B. Paul
1. Saul was from Tarsus
2. Traveling from Damascus he met a blinding light
a. Saul, Saul why doest thou persecute me
b. Changed his life
3. Taught to Gentiles or non Jews believed religion was for everybody
4. Wrote several Epistles
a. Ephesians
b. Romans
c. Thessalonians
d. Galatians
e. Corinthians
5. Was beheaded by Nero in 64 A.D.
6. Advantages he had
a. Pax Romana
b. Road system
c. Common language
IV. Jewish Rebellion
A. In 66 Zealots rebelled against Rome
B. In 70 Rome destroyed The Temple and the west wall or the Whaling Wall is
all that is left today
C. In 73 the Jewish fortress near Masada fell
D. In 132 the Jews were dispersed in the Diaspora
E. Nero burned Rome in 64 and blamed it on Jew, Christians, and Plebeians
1. Put to death
a. Crucified
b. Burned
c. Fed to the lions
F. Peter and Paul were put to death in 64
V. A World Religion
A. Religious structure
1. Monks and Nuns
2. Priest
3. Bishops- city
a. First Bishop was Peter all others trace their roots to him
4. Archbishops – several cities
5. Popes – Rome eventually
a. First Pope was Peter
B. Constantine accepts Christianity in 313
1. 312 Constantine prays to God before a major battle at Milvian Bridge
2. Sees cross in sky and has Christian symbol painted on soldiers shields
3. In 313 Constantine issues the Edict of Milan which made Christianity
the official religion of the Byzantine Empire ( Eastern Roman
Empire)
4. Emperor Theodosius in 380 makes Christianity the official religion of
the entire Roman Empire
C. Discord and Harmony
1. All people not accepting the basic teachings of the Church were charged
with Heresy
2. In 325 Constantine has the religious leaders record the teachings in
The Nicene Creed
3. Another father of the Church was Augustine who wrote The City of God
CHAPTER 6 SECTION 4 NOTES
I. A Century of Crises
A. Rome’s Economy Declines
1. Gold and Silver began to slow from conquered areas
2. There was not enough grain for all peoples
3. Hostile tribes and pirates began to disrupt trade
4. Wars and large amounts of soldiers began to strain the treasury
5. The rich began to spend money on luxury
6. Government begins to raise taxes
7. Inflation began
a. Drop in value of money and rise in prices of goods
B. Rome Faces Military Upheaval
1. Germanic tribes began to attack the borders
2. Persia became a threat in Syria and Anatolia
3. Discipline and loyalty to Rome began to fade to commanders in army
C. Roman Politics Decay
1. Loyalty was a problem
2. Patriotism faded
3. People didn’t care about the Empires fate
4. Local officials had to pay more and more out of their own pockets
a. Fewer people chose to serve in the government
5. Time period between 235 and 284 there were 25 emperors that died
violently
II. Emperors Attempt Reform ( Two Despots )
A. 284 Diocletian
1. Restored order by increasing size of army
2. Limited personal freedoms
3. Drafted prisoners of war and hired German mercenaries
4. Fixed prices on goods
5. Ordered people to stay in their jobs for life
6. Persecuted Christians
7. Divided the Empire into two parts
a. Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
1. Wealthier
2. Capitol at Byzantium
b. Western Roman Empire (Holy Roman Empire)
1. Co ruler general Mazimian
B. Constantine Moves the Capitol
1. Renames the capitol in the east from Byzantium to Constantinople
2. Declares Christianity the official religion of the Eastern Empire in 313
III. Invaders Overrun the Western Empire
A. Since time of Julius Caesar Germanic tribes were north of the Danube River
B. By 376 to 476 large numbers threatened the borders
C. Germanic Tribes included
1. Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Burgundians, Vandals
and others
D. Huns were fierce Mongol nomads that forced the Germans into the Roman
Empire
1. Attila the Hun was their fierce leader
2. He was finally defeated in 451 by a combined army of Romans and
Germans at the Battle of Chalon, Gaul
E. Rome’s last Latin ruler was 14 year old Romulus Augustulus
F. Romulus was defeated by the German King Odoacer in 476 A.D. the date
given as the Fall of the Roman Empire
CHAPTER 6 SECTION 5 NOTES
I. The Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization (combination of Greece and Rome)
(Classical Culture)
A. Romans proud of their ability to rule
B. Romans acknowledged Greek leadership in
1. Art
2. Architecture
3. Literature
4. Philosophy
C. Combination of Hellenistic and Roman periods
D. Roman fine arts
1. Realistic portraits in stone intended for public education
2. Bas-Relief
a. Type of sculpture that represented Roman stories
E. Mosaics
1. Pieces of stone, or glass on a surface
F. Murals or frescoes painted into surface of walls
1. Best example in Pompeii city covered by the volcano Vesuvius
G. Learning and Literature
1. Copied the philosophy of stoicism accept things as they are
a. Best example in notes of Marcus Aurelius called
the Meditations
2. Best known writer Virgil
a. Wrote the Aeneid
1. The epic of Aeneas
3. Poet Ovid
a. Wrote Amores
1. About Cupid’s passion
4. Livy
a. Roman Historian that wrote about the Carthaginian Wars
5. Tacitus
a. Wrote Annals and Histories
1. Recorded accurately about good and bad emperors
of imperial Rome
II. Roman Achievements
A. Latin the language of Rome
1. Language of the Roman Catholic Church
2. Romance languages
a. French
b. Spanish
c. Portuguese
d. Italian
e. Romanian
B. Architecture, Engineering and Technology
1. Dome
2. Concrete
3. Aqueducts
4. Roads
C. Roman System of Law was Rome’s most widespread contribution
1. Rights of Roman citizens
2. Fair and equality to all people
3. Common sense and practical
4. Principles of Roman Law
a. Equal treatment
b. Innocent until proven guilty
c. Burden of proof on accuser
d. Punished only for actions not thoughts