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Honors Biology
Study Guide – Bacteria, Viruses & Immunity
Nordstrom
Bacteria & Viruses / Disease & Immunity
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Why is a virus not alive? Can viruses evolve?
Draw a virus and label the nucleic acid, the capsid, the envelope, and the surface protein/spikes. Which
structure is not found in all viruses and where does it come from? What is the function of the spikes?
Draw a typical bacterial cell showing the nucleic acid (chromosome and plasmids), cell membrane, cell
wall, pilli, flagella.
How do bacteria reproduce?
What is conjugation? What gets exchanged during conjugation? What advantage does it provide?
What are endospores? What is their use to bacteria?
Explain how sterile technique is used in the lab when growing bacteria.
If a Petri dish is streaked for isolation and paper discs containing chemicals are placed on it, a ring of
inhibition may form around some of the discs. What does that mean?
Explain the difference between an antibiotic, an antiseptic, and a disinfectant.
How do microbiologists identify and classify bacteria?
How do viruses get replicated? Explain the difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle.
What is a provirus (eg. prophage)?
Can a virus infect any cell type in its host? How are viruses grown/cultured in the lab?
List five diseases caused by viruses. What viral disease has been eradicated in the U.S. but not in all other
countries? What human viral disease has been completely eradicated?
What is a prion and how does it cause disease?
What is a viroid made of and what kind of disease does it cause?
List five diseases caused by bacteria.
How is HIV transmitted? How does a retrovirus such as HIV differ from other viruses?
Explain the difference between an infectious disease and a non-infectious disease.
What does contagious mean?
How are diseases transmitted? What can we do to avoid spreading diseases?
What is a pathogen and how does it cause disease?
What is a disease vector?
What is a disease outbreak?
What is the difference between endemic, epidemic, and pandemic disease?
What defenses do our bodies have against diseases?
Compare and contrast, then give examples of each: active vs. passive immunity; specific vs. nonspecific
immunity; antibody/humoral vs. cell-mediate immune reaction/response.
List three main organs/parts of the immune system and their functions. Where are immune cells made?
Where do T cells mature and what is their function (two types)? Where do B cells mature and what is their
function?
What kind of cell first identifies a pathogen and presents it to a helper T cell? What is the role of the helper
T cell in an immune response?
Can someone make any type of antibody to bind to any antigen? Do we have T cells that recognize and
attack any type of antigen? How is our “arsenal” of specific receptors and antibodies limited?
Nordstrom, Biology - Last revised 6/17/2017
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