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福建农林大学考试试卷
（ B ）卷
2010——2011 学年第 2 学期
课程名称： ECOLOGY
专业
题号
一
考试时间
年级
二
班 学号
三
120 分钟
姓名
四
五
总得分
得分
评卷人签字
得分
一、Interpretation
复核人签字
of terms and phrases（15 pts. total, 3pt. each term）
1. Divergent adaptation
2. Intrinsic rate of increase
3. Ecotone
4. Survivorship curve
5. Biogeochemical cycle
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得分
二、
Choice Questions
（20 pts. total, 1pt. each term ）
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1. __________ is the number of species in a community.
A. Species diversity
B. Relative abundance
C. Species evenness
D. Species richness
2. The __________ concept of communities suggests that communities are
simply assemblages of species that have similar environmental requirements.
A. individualistic B. discontinuous
C. holistic
D. organismic
3. A keystone species __________
A. is always dominant in a community.
B. is usually an herbivore.
C. is always a top predator.
D. has an influence on community structure that is disproportionate to
its abundance in that community.
4. Which of the following graphs shows individuals distributed according to
a random distribution?
5. An indirect positive or beneficial interaction of two species within a
community is an example of:
A. predation.
B. mutualism.
C. parasitism
D.competition.
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6. _________ succession occurs in an area previously occupied by a
community.
A. Initial
B. Primary
C. Colonization
D. Secondary
7. In theory, when two species are competitors for the exact same resources,
________ will result.
A. competitive exclusion
B. coexistence
C. initial competition followed by mutualism
D parasitism
8. Which mathematical expression best describes population growth of
humans?
A. exponential growth
B. geometric growth
C. either of the above
9. In terrestrial ecosystems, the ________ food chain is the major pathway of
energy flow.
A. detrital
B.grazing
C. consumer D.heterotroph
10. In ________ biogeochemical cycles, the main reservoirs of nutrients are
the soil, rocks, and minerals.
A. gaseous
B. sedimentary C. terrestrial D. rudimentary
11. Which terrestrial biome has the highest diversity of plant and animal life?
A. tropical savanna
B. tropical rain forest
C. temperate deciduous forest
D. boreal forest
12. Assimilation efficiency is
A. the proportion of energy ingested that is not lost to respiration.
B. the proportion of energy ingested that is assimilated.
C. the proportion of assimilated energy that is not lost as waste material.
D. the proportion of assimilated energy that goes to production.
13. A _______________ is a group of individuals born within a population
during the same period.
A. guild
B. functional group
C. colony
D. cohort
14. Ecology is _______________
A. a social movement that started in the 1970s.
B. the scientific study of the environment.
C. the combination of social and natural sciences aimed at improving the
environment.
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D.the scientific study of relationships between organisms and their
environments.
15. __________ and __________ directly influence the rate at which
nutrients cycle through ecosystems.
A. Net mineralization rate, immobilization
B. Immobilization, respiration
C. Net mineralization rate, nutrient uptake
D. Nutrient uptake, respiration
16. The location where an organism lives is called its __________
A. habitat. B. genet.
C. ramet. D.density.
17. Which of the following is an assumption of logistic growth?
A. r and K remain constant
B. the maximum population growth rate occurs when N = K/2
C. resources are unlimited
D. all of the above are not assumptions of logistic growth
18. Which of the following species groups represents a guild?
A. African wild dog, hyena, lion
B. mammal-eating killer whale, humpback whale, blue whale
C. parasitic wasp, host caterpillar
D. land tortoise, green sea turtle
19. Which of the following statements about energy allocation in plants is
false?
A. Terrestrial plants typically have a greater allocation of carbon to roots
relative to aboveground tissues with increasing annual precipitation.
B. In marine environments, often the standing biomass increases with
increasing primary productivity.
C. Although grasslands have lower rates of primary productivity than do
forests, grasslands accumulate more biomass per individual than do forests.
D. In terrestrial ecosystems, generally less standing biomass occurs in dry
habitats, where net primary productivity is lower.
20. The biological structure of a community is first constrained by the _____
of the species.
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A. competitive interactions
B. trophic interactions
C. realized niches
D. fundamental niches
得分
三、Analysis
the following questions（15 pts. total）
1. The following life cycle diagram is based upon a time interval of 1 month,
and was used to construct a projection matrix (recall that reproduction in a
projection matrix is handled differently than in a life table).
A .(5 points) What proportion of individuals in each life stage survive from one
month to the next?
Eggs
Stage 1 Juveniles
Stage 2 Juveniles
Stage 3 Juveniles
Adults
b. (5 points) If there were 10 individuals of each stage on 1 May 2003, how
many individuals of each stage should there be on 1 June 2003?
Eggs
Stage 1 Juveniles
Stage 2 Juveniles
Stage 3 Juveniles
Adults
(2)You were told that two competing species cannot coexist on a single
limiting resource. Later, however, we discussed several ways in which
several potentially competing species could persist together. Please list and
briefly discuss (e.g., in one sentence each), three ways in which two or more
competing species can persist locally.
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得分
四、Essays
questions（30 pts. total, each worth 6pt.）
1.What is the difference between r-selceted and K-selected
organisms?Which strategy would you expect to be more prevalent in
unpredictable environments?
2.What is the difference between scramble competion and contest
competion?
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3. How about Co-evolution between parasite and host?。
4. What factors influence the structure of communities?
5. How to improve the primary productivity of agricultural ecosystems?
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得分
五、Discussion
essays（20 pts. total, 10pts each. Select
two from the following three questions）
1. Explain the difference between the two basic types of biogeochemical
cycles, using specific examples of each.
2. How do you apply inter-specific relationship to control farmland weeds or
agricultural insect pests.
3. How might changes in climate influence the distribution of plant and
animal species?
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