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THE
CRUSADES
18-2
Pages 528-532
Crusaders Invade the Holy
Land
 Crusades-a
long series of wars between
Christians and Muslims in SW Asia
 Holy Land – the region where Jesus lived,
preached, and died (Palestine at this time
in history)
 When Turkish Muslims take over the Holy
Land, Christian pilgrims begin to report of
being attacked in Jerusalem.
 Byzantine
emperor asks Pope Urban II for
help, fearing an attack on Constantinople
 In 1095, Pope Urban II calls on all
European Christians to retake the Holy
Land
 Crusade comes from the Latin word crux,
meaning cross
 Why
did Europeans choose to fight in the
Crusades?



Felt they were doing God’s will
Gain wealth through land and treasure
Adventure

The First Crusade




Most of the first Crusaders were peasants, not
soldiers and attacked Jews in Germany. Killed
by Turkish troops before reaching the Holy Land.
Knights and nobles fared better.
They reached the Holy Land in 1099 and
defeated a disorganized Muslim Army in a
month.
The Holy Land was divided into four Christian
kingdoms after regaining control of the land.
Later Crusades Fail


Within 50 years of the First Crusade, Muslim
forces begin taking land back from Christians
Second Crusade (1147)


Terrible failure for Christians due to poor
planning and heavy losses on the journey to the
Holy Land
Third Crusade (1189)


English, French, and HRE kings set off to Holy
Land
King Richard I of England is the only one who
stays (German king dies, French king leaves)




King Richard faces Saladin who led the Muslim
forces
King Richard gained the respect of Christians
and Muslims alike for his bravery (“Lion Heart”)
Saladin was well respected by Muslims and
Christians and considered a great military mind
Third Crusade ends with Jerusalem in Muslim
hands and safe passage for Christian pilgrims

Fourth Crusade (1201)




French knights travel to Venice and agree to
attack Zara for the Venetians as payment for
voyage to the Holy Land
Constantinople was also attacked and looted
by Christian Crusaders
Other Crusades followed but all were
unsuccessful
Muslim armies take the entire Holy Land by
1291
 Reasons




for the Crusades failures:
Long travel distance led to many deaths
along the way
Unprepared to fight in Palestine’s deserts
Outnumbered by the enemy
Christian leaders fought among themselves
and planned poorly
Crusades Change Europe
 Trade
between Europe and Asia increases
 Kings become more powerful
 Increases distrust between Byzantine
Christians and western Christians
 Tension increases between Christians and
Jews and Christians and Muslims