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Grammar – Phrases and Clauses A VERBAL PHRASE is a form of a verb that is used as a noun, adjective or adverb. Phrase PREPOSITIONAL PARTICIPIAL GERUND INFINITIVE Definition A group of words consisting of a preposition and a noun or a pronoun (object of the preposition) Verb form ending in –ing (present tense) or –ed (past tense) Verb form ending in –ing Verb beginning with to Usage Prepositional phrases can function as adjectives or as adverbs. Used as an adjective (describes a noun or pronoun). Used as a noun (subject, predicate nominative, direct object or object of a prepositional phrase). Used as a noun, adjective or adverb. The brick house with the green shutters is grandma’s house. Sally got a new swimming cap. Swimming is fun. We plan to swim. The building, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt. The police arrested him for destroying the building. The criminal wanted to destroy the evidence. Know your prepositions. Part with it; not needed to make a complete sentence. Group of words doing the job of a noun To + verb Know your prepositions. The perfect tense of a participle is formed with a past participle and the helping verb having (e.g. Having studied all day, Jessica was ready). May have a possessive form. (Sally’s swimming is good.) May have a subject. (She wanted Sally to swim.) Example Behind it are a vegetable garden and berry bush. Tricks Other Information Clause Dependent vs. Independent Adverb Definition A dependent clause contains and subject and a verb but cannot stand on its own. An independent clause can stand on its own. Contain a subject and verb and act as an adverb Dependent Clause Although I am an avid reader Example Independent Clause I am an avid reader. Tricks Usage Know your subordinating conjunctions and your relative pronouns. Independent clauses are simple sentences. Dependent clauses may act as adverbs, adjectives or nouns. Adjective Noun Follows the noun it modifies. What could be a whole sentence acts as a single part of speech. After we won the game, we went out for ice-cream. We studied for the test because we knew it was important. Begin with a subordinating conjunction. Adverbs answer: When? Where? Why? How? Used as an adverb Whoever started that fire is going to be in a lot of trouble. The girl who sits next to me is really funny. The letter will go to whichever person lives there at the moment. Begins with a relative pronoun. Can be eliminated while leaving a complete sentence. Begins with a relative pronoun. Cannot be eliminated while leaving a complete sentence. Used as an adjective. Used as a noun (subject, predicate nominative, direct object or object of a prepositional phrase).