Download Vegetable Nutrient Management Dr. Ron Goldy, Ben Phillips

Vegetable
Nutrient
Management
Dr. Ron Goldy, Ben Phillips
MSUE
http://www.spnl.msu.edu/index.htm
E-2934
E-486
Macronutrients
Primary
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Potassium
Secondary
Magnesium
Calcium
Sulfur
N
P
K
Mg
Ca
S
Element (Symbol)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorous (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Form taken up by the plant
(NH4)+ Ammonium form
(NO3)- Nitrate form
(H2PO4)-, (HPO4)-2, PO-3
K+
Ca+2
Mg+2
(SO4)-2
Soil Mobility
Somewhat imm.
Mobile
Immobile
Somewhat mob.
Somewhat mob.
Somewhat mob.
Mobile
www.vi.cl
Nitrogen: N
Taken up as NH4+ or NO3Primarily through roots
Formation of amino acids,
vitamins and proteins, cell division
Mobile in the soil and in the plant
growinghealthyvegetables.blogspot.com
www.ipm.iastate.edu
www.nue.okstate.edu
Phosphorous: P
Taken up primarily as H2PO4-, HPO4Primarily through roots
Photosynthesis, respiration, energy
storage and transfer, cell division
Mobile in the plant
“Fixated” by other minerals, can
move with soil particles
www.sdstate.edu
aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu
thebestgardening.com
www.clemson.edu
www.cbc.ca
sustainability.umich.edu
ecowatch.com
Most agricultural soils will test high
in P
Limited availability in cool, wet soils
– transplant fertilizers high in P
www.mississippi-crops.com
Potassium: K
Taken up as K+
Primarily through roots
Photosynthesis, ionic balance, fruit
formation, carbohydrate breakdown
Water use efficiency by regulating
stomata opening
Disease resistance
5e.plantphys.net
asktheplant.com
asktheplant.com
blog.fluidsensoronline.com
Plants grown for
their fruit require
higher potassium
levels.
foodfacts.mercola.com
www.npr.org
www.freeclipartpictures.com
Calcium: Ca
Taken up as Ca2+
Primarily through roots
Root and leaf development, cell walls,
activates enzymes, neutralizes acids
Required by N fixing bacteria
Somewhat mobile in plant
www.agroservicesinternational.com
www4.ncsu.edu
www.forestryimages.org
www.container-gardening-for-you.com
Reasons for Ca deficiency expression
Not enough soil Ca
Wet – dry – wet – dry cycle
Genetics
Weather
Magnesium: Mg
Taken up as Mg2+
Primarily through roots
Central atom of chlorophyll, phosphate
metabolism, respiration, enzyme
activation
Mobile in the plant
May hear about the need for a
“proper” Ca:Mg ratio
Not a problem as long as both are
adequate
www.omafra.gov.on.ca
Rob Mikkelsen/Photo
igrow.org
hort.ufl.edu
Sulfur: S
Taken up primarily as SO42-
Primarily through roots but can
come in through leaves as SO2
Enzymes and vitamins, nodulation,
chlorophyll formation, S compounds
Not mobile in the plant
www.clemson.edu
soils.wisc.edu
keys.lucidcentral.org
Used to not be much of a concern
Micronutrients
Boron
Chloride
Manganese
Nickel
Copper
Iron
Molybdenum
Zinc
Element (Symbol)
Chlorine (Cl)
Iron (Fe)
Boron (B)
Manganese (Mn)
Zinc (Z)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Form taken up by the plant
ClFe+2
(BO3)Mn+2
Zn+2
(MoO4)-
Soil Mobility
Mobile
Immobile
Mobile
Immobile
Immobile
Mobile
www.phtechllc.com
Boron
nutrient use and regulation
sugar and carbohydrate
production
Seed and fruit development
extension.umass.edu
horticulture.oregonstate.edu
www4.ncsu.edu
www.omafra.gov.on.ca
www.semena.org
keys.lucidcentral.org
www.alphachelates.com.au
ucanr.edu
Boron toxicity can also occur
ucanr.edu
www.msu.edu
Copper
www.gardencentreguide.co.uk
Manganese
www.yara.us
www.yara.us
customers.hbci.com
Zinc
www.omafra.gov.on.ca
pss.uvm.edu
Iron
www.extension.umn.edu
aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu
How nutrients are applied on
vegetable farms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Manure
Compost
Dry mineral
Liquid
Overhead drench/foliar
Drip drench
• Incorporated or not
• pH adjusted to maintain
nutrient availability
– Sulfur lowers pH
– Animal products tend to
acidify
– Limes raise pH
Vegetable production in Michigan
• Plasticulture
– Bedded, sealed in plastic to warm soil, irrigated
through drip tape, sometimes tunneled
• Flat ground
– Sometimes bedded, sometimes mulched with
cover crop or straw bales, sometimes tunneled,
sometimes irrigated through drip tape or
overhead
Plasticulture in the field
Bedded with plastic
Drip irrigation lines
Plasticulture in the greenhouse
Bagged
Drip irrigation lines
Plasticulture in the greenhouse
Bagged
Drip irrigation lines
Drip delivery system
Dosatron measures flow rate
and doses of soluble fertilizers
from a mix tank and adds to
the drip line irrigation water
Mains go to field, and supply drip lines
Drip delivery system
Dosatron measures flow rate
and doses of soluble fertilizers
from a mix tank and adds to
the drip line irrigation water
Flip
these
for just
water
Mix tank
Sand
Clay
Sand
Clay
Influence of Soil Type on
Irrigation Strategy
Course Soil (sand): Rapid uptake, High permeability, Low retention
PRONE TO LEACHING
Water a little at a time, but often, fast application
Fine Soil (clay): Slow uptake, Low permeability, High retention
PRONE TO RUN-OFF
Water for a longer time, less frequently, slow application
Soil additives
Dry material loaded into hopper of
broadcast spreader
Big and little
broadcast spreaders
Commercial hot compost
Loading compost ingredients, and
mixing with a manure spreader
Making compost windrows with
manure spreader
Big and little
manure-spreading wagons
Liquid manure spreader
Liquid manure in furrow
Liquid fertilizer strip-incorporated in
conservation tillage system
QUESTIONS?
CEC: Cation Exchange Capacity
The degree to which a soil can adsorb
and exchange cations.
Measurement of the chemical activity
of your soil.
ADsorb vs. ABsorb
www.cabotstain.com
Cations: An ion or group of ions
having a positive (+)charge
Anions: A negatively (-) charged
ion
N=+
S=-
Soil texture
CEC (meq/100g soi)
Sands (light-colored)
1-5
Sands (dark-colored)
5-12
Loams
10-15
Silt loams
15-25
Clay and clay loams
20-50
Organic soils
50-100+
Organic Matter Increases CEC in
Any Soil
CEC is an Indirect Measurement of
Soil Surface Area
www.eplantscience.com
Sand
Kaolinite Clay
pubs.usgs.gov
www.azonano.com
www.tankonyvtar.hu
www.spectrumanalytic.com
www.vi.cl
CEC is a direct indication of:
The soil’s ability to hold water
Water infiltration rate
The soil’s ability to retain nutrients
The soil’s ability to change pH
Herbicide activity in the soil
pH: A measurement
of the acidity or
alkalinity of a
substance.
Most soil is low pH acidic
World Soil pH.svg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
+
H
+
K
++
Ca
++
Mg
www.vi.cl
What contributes to soil pH?
Parent material
Rainfall
Nutrient (ammonium, urea,
organic matter) applications
Heavy cropping
hubcap.clemson.edu
Effects of soil acidity
Nutrient availability (deficiency or
toxicity)
Low pH contributes to Ca, K, and
Mg leaching (off-site pollution)
Low pH reduces microbial activity
and survival
www.phtechllc.com
Changing soil pH
Temperature dependent
Faster in low CEC soils
Slower in high CEC soils
Raising pH
Lime is a general term
Calcitic Lime (CaCO3 - low Mg)
Dolomitic (CaMg(CO3)2 - high Mg)
Burned lime, Quick Lime (CaO)
Hydrated/Slaked Lime (Ca(OH)2)
Marl
Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) – neutral pH
Lowering pH
Sulfur