* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Vegetable Nutrient Management Dr. Ron Goldy, Ben Phillips
Survey
Document related concepts
Arbuscular mycorrhiza wikipedia , lookup
Soil horizon wikipedia , lookup
Soil erosion wikipedia , lookup
Surface runoff wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Soil respiration wikipedia , lookup
Crop rotation wikipedia , lookup
Soil compaction (agriculture) wikipedia , lookup
Terra preta wikipedia , lookup
Canadian system of soil classification wikipedia , lookup
No-till farming wikipedia , lookup
Soil food web wikipedia , lookup
Soil salinity control wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Soil contamination wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Vegetable Nutrient Management Dr. Ron Goldy, Ben Phillips MSUE http://www.spnl.msu.edu/index.htm E-2934 E-486 Macronutrients Primary Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Secondary Magnesium Calcium Sulfur N P K Mg Ca S Element (Symbol) Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Form taken up by the plant (NH4)+ Ammonium form (NO3)- Nitrate form (H2PO4)-, (HPO4)-2, PO-3 K+ Ca+2 Mg+2 (SO4)-2 Soil Mobility Somewhat imm. Mobile Immobile Somewhat mob. Somewhat mob. Somewhat mob. Mobile www.vi.cl Nitrogen: N Taken up as NH4+ or NO3Primarily through roots Formation of amino acids, vitamins and proteins, cell division Mobile in the soil and in the plant growinghealthyvegetables.blogspot.com www.ipm.iastate.edu www.nue.okstate.edu Phosphorous: P Taken up primarily as H2PO4-, HPO4Primarily through roots Photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division Mobile in the plant “Fixated” by other minerals, can move with soil particles www.sdstate.edu aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu thebestgardening.com www.clemson.edu www.cbc.ca sustainability.umich.edu ecowatch.com Most agricultural soils will test high in P Limited availability in cool, wet soils – transplant fertilizers high in P www.mississippi-crops.com Potassium: K Taken up as K+ Primarily through roots Photosynthesis, ionic balance, fruit formation, carbohydrate breakdown Water use efficiency by regulating stomata opening Disease resistance 5e.plantphys.net asktheplant.com asktheplant.com blog.fluidsensoronline.com Plants grown for their fruit require higher potassium levels. foodfacts.mercola.com www.npr.org www.freeclipartpictures.com Calcium: Ca Taken up as Ca2+ Primarily through roots Root and leaf development, cell walls, activates enzymes, neutralizes acids Required by N fixing bacteria Somewhat mobile in plant www.agroservicesinternational.com www4.ncsu.edu www.forestryimages.org www.container-gardening-for-you.com Reasons for Ca deficiency expression Not enough soil Ca Wet – dry – wet – dry cycle Genetics Weather Magnesium: Mg Taken up as Mg2+ Primarily through roots Central atom of chlorophyll, phosphate metabolism, respiration, enzyme activation Mobile in the plant May hear about the need for a “proper” Ca:Mg ratio Not a problem as long as both are adequate www.omafra.gov.on.ca Rob Mikkelsen/Photo igrow.org hort.ufl.edu Sulfur: S Taken up primarily as SO42- Primarily through roots but can come in through leaves as SO2 Enzymes and vitamins, nodulation, chlorophyll formation, S compounds Not mobile in the plant www.clemson.edu soils.wisc.edu keys.lucidcentral.org Used to not be much of a concern Micronutrients Boron Chloride Manganese Nickel Copper Iron Molybdenum Zinc Element (Symbol) Chlorine (Cl) Iron (Fe) Boron (B) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Z) Molybdenum (Mo) Form taken up by the plant ClFe+2 (BO3)Mn+2 Zn+2 (MoO4)- Soil Mobility Mobile Immobile Mobile Immobile Immobile Mobile www.phtechllc.com Boron nutrient use and regulation sugar and carbohydrate production Seed and fruit development extension.umass.edu horticulture.oregonstate.edu www4.ncsu.edu www.omafra.gov.on.ca www.semena.org keys.lucidcentral.org www.alphachelates.com.au ucanr.edu Boron toxicity can also occur ucanr.edu www.msu.edu Copper www.gardencentreguide.co.uk Manganese www.yara.us www.yara.us customers.hbci.com Zinc www.omafra.gov.on.ca pss.uvm.edu Iron www.extension.umn.edu aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu How nutrients are applied on vegetable farms • • • • • • Manure Compost Dry mineral Liquid Overhead drench/foliar Drip drench • Incorporated or not • pH adjusted to maintain nutrient availability – Sulfur lowers pH – Animal products tend to acidify – Limes raise pH Vegetable production in Michigan • Plasticulture – Bedded, sealed in plastic to warm soil, irrigated through drip tape, sometimes tunneled • Flat ground – Sometimes bedded, sometimes mulched with cover crop or straw bales, sometimes tunneled, sometimes irrigated through drip tape or overhead Plasticulture in the field Bedded with plastic Drip irrigation lines Plasticulture in the greenhouse Bagged Drip irrigation lines Plasticulture in the greenhouse Bagged Drip irrigation lines Drip delivery system Dosatron measures flow rate and doses of soluble fertilizers from a mix tank and adds to the drip line irrigation water Mains go to field, and supply drip lines Drip delivery system Dosatron measures flow rate and doses of soluble fertilizers from a mix tank and adds to the drip line irrigation water Flip these for just water Mix tank Sand Clay Sand Clay Influence of Soil Type on Irrigation Strategy Course Soil (sand): Rapid uptake, High permeability, Low retention PRONE TO LEACHING Water a little at a time, but often, fast application Fine Soil (clay): Slow uptake, Low permeability, High retention PRONE TO RUN-OFF Water for a longer time, less frequently, slow application Soil additives Dry material loaded into hopper of broadcast spreader Big and little broadcast spreaders Commercial hot compost Loading compost ingredients, and mixing with a manure spreader Making compost windrows with manure spreader Big and little manure-spreading wagons Liquid manure spreader Liquid manure in furrow Liquid fertilizer strip-incorporated in conservation tillage system QUESTIONS? CEC: Cation Exchange Capacity The degree to which a soil can adsorb and exchange cations. Measurement of the chemical activity of your soil. ADsorb vs. ABsorb www.cabotstain.com Cations: An ion or group of ions having a positive (+)charge Anions: A negatively (-) charged ion N=+ S=- Soil texture CEC (meq/100g soi) Sands (light-colored) 1-5 Sands (dark-colored) 5-12 Loams 10-15 Silt loams 15-25 Clay and clay loams 20-50 Organic soils 50-100+ Organic Matter Increases CEC in Any Soil CEC is an Indirect Measurement of Soil Surface Area www.eplantscience.com Sand Kaolinite Clay pubs.usgs.gov www.azonano.com www.tankonyvtar.hu www.spectrumanalytic.com www.vi.cl CEC is a direct indication of: The soil’s ability to hold water Water infiltration rate The soil’s ability to retain nutrients The soil’s ability to change pH Herbicide activity in the soil pH: A measurement of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Most soil is low pH acidic World Soil pH.svg From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia + H + K ++ Ca ++ Mg www.vi.cl What contributes to soil pH? Parent material Rainfall Nutrient (ammonium, urea, organic matter) applications Heavy cropping hubcap.clemson.edu Effects of soil acidity Nutrient availability (deficiency or toxicity) Low pH contributes to Ca, K, and Mg leaching (off-site pollution) Low pH reduces microbial activity and survival www.phtechllc.com Changing soil pH Temperature dependent Faster in low CEC soils Slower in high CEC soils Raising pH Lime is a general term Calcitic Lime (CaCO3 - low Mg) Dolomitic (CaMg(CO3)2 - high Mg) Burned lime, Quick Lime (CaO) Hydrated/Slaked Lime (Ca(OH)2) Marl Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) – neutral pH Lowering pH Sulfur