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Review Questions L12 Transport: Transpiration, Part 2
1. What are the two functions of stomata?
2. Why do some plants only have stomata on the bottom surface of their leaves?
3. What are sunken stomata?
4. What are the triggers for stomata to open?
5. Draw a picture that demonstrates the mechanism behind the opening of stomata (show what is
happening at a molecular level – i.e. transport proteins, etc.)
6. What are the triggers for stomata to close?
7. Draw a picture that demonstrates the mechanism behind the closing of stomata.
8. What does water potential measure?
9. What is the direction of water movement in terms of water potential?
10. What are the 2 components of water potential?
11. What happens to solute potential as the amount of solutes increases?
12. What is the difference between turgor pressure and tension?
13. When water moves in to a living cell, does the pressure potential increase (positive) or decrease
(negative)?
14. When water moves into a dead cell, does the pressure potential increase (positive) or decrease
(negative)?
15. Which has the lower water potential, the inside of a leaf or the atmosphere?
16. Many environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration. For the following list of conditions,
explain whether the rate of transpiration increases or decreases, and describe why the rate changes
(must include what is occurring in the leaf or with the stomata).
•
•
•
•
Increased temperature
Increased humidity in air
Increased wind
Decreased light
Review Questions L13 Transport: Phloem
1. What is translocation? How does it differ from transpiration?
2. What types of molecules travel in the phloem?
3. What cells comprise phloem tissue?
4. What is the role of the sieve tube elements in translocation? What is the role of the companion
cell?
5. What is a transfer cell?
6. What is phloem loading and what is the underlying molecular mechanism?
7. What is the Pressure Flow Hypothesis? Is flow only one way?
8. Compare and contrast the transport of water through the xylem to the transport of sugar through the
phloem. Be sure to consider the types of cells involved (paths) and the driving forces.
Review Questions L14 : Plant Growth
1. What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?
2. What is meristematic tissue? What type of meristematic tissue is involved in primary growth?
Secondary growth?
3. What is the acid growth hypothesis? What role does the proton pump play? What role does auxin
play? What role does the vacuole play?
4. What are the functions of the root cap?
5. During root growth, what is happening to a cell in the meristematic zone? the zone of elongation?
the maturation zone? Where are root hairs found and why?
6. Why does a branch root grow from the pericycle rather than from the epidermis or cortex?
7. What are the leaf primordia and what is their function? What is the procambium and what is its
function?
8. What cell types does the vascular cambium produce? Where is the vascular cambium located?
9. What does the cork cambium produce? Why is the cork cambium needed?
10. As a woody plant gets older, what happens to the primary and secondary xylem?
11. As a woody plant gets older, what happens to the primary and secondary phloem?
12. What tissues make up the bark? What happens to a tree if the bark is removed?
13. What is the difference between sapwood and heartwood?
14. How can we tell the age of a tree? What are the “rings” composed of?
Review Questions L15: Photorespiration & Variation in Photosynthesis
1. What are the two functions of stomata?
2. What environments are C3 plants more likely to be found in? When are their stomata open/closed?
3. What is the function of Rubisco?
4. What happens in the start of the Calvin cycle in a C3 plant when carbon dioxide levels are low?
5. What is photorespiration?
6. What organelles are involved in photorespiration?
7. Why is photorespiration considered to be harmful?
8. Why is photorespiration considered to be beneficial?
9. Why was rubisco’s dual affinity not a problem when it first evolved?
10. What environments are C4 plants more likely to be found in? When are their stomata open/closed?
11. Draw a picture (or write a paragraph) that explains how C4 plants avoid photorespiration. Include
the following: bundle sheath cells, mesophyll cells, PEP carboxylase, PEP (3C), malate (4C),
CO2, plasmodesmata, rubisco, ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), Calvin cycle, ATP.
12. What is the key difference between rubisco and PEP carboxylase?
13. What environments are CAM plants more likely to be found in? When are their stomata
open/closed?
14. Draw a picture (or write a paragraph) that explains how C4 plants avoid photorespiration. Include
the following: day, night, PEP carboxylase, PEP (3C), malate (4C), CO2, rubisco, ribulose
bisphosphate (RuBP), Calvin cycle, ATP, malic acid, vacuole, pyruvate, chloroplast, starch.
15. In an environment where water was not limited in the soil, but temperatures get high during the
mid-day, which plant type will be able to put on the most biomass. Explain.
16. Why are you less likely to find C3 plants in desert or semi-arid environments?
17. For C4 and CAM plants, at what point in the carbon fixation process is the extra ATP used?
Review Questions L16: Plant Defense
1. What is the difference between constituitive and induced plant defences?
2. Provide an example of each.
3. What is the goal of the hypersensitive response?
4. How do plants recognize pathogens?
5. Briefly describe what happens in each of the following steps:
a.
isolate
b.
attack
c.
send signal
d.
cell death
6. What is the function of phytoalexins? What is the function of PR proteins?
7. What affect do ROIs (Reactive oxygen intermediates) have on pathogens? on plant cells?
8. What is the purpose of the Systemic Acquired Resistance response?
9. How do the signals travel within the plant?
10. How do the signals travel to other plants?
11. Provide two examples, either from the movie or lecture, of how plants “talk” to each other or to
other organism.