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PARTS OF SPEECH (Grammatical Terms) NOUN Person, place, thing PRONOUN Takes the place of a noun. I, you (singular), he/she/it, we, you (plural), they ADJECTIVE It is fun. Modifies (describes) a noun. Comes before a noun or after "be". VERB Grammar is fun. I like fun classes! Grammar is fun. Expresses action or state. MAIN VERB Students do homework. Grammar is fun. When there is only one verb in a sentence: He writes a lot. He is a nice guy. Or, when there are two, it is the the "non-helping" verb - the action that the sentence is about: HELPING (AUXILIARY) VERB The first of a two-part verb; a verb used to form a question or a negative; a modal auxiliary: ADVERB He is writing a lot. He has written a lot. He doesn't usually write a lot. I am writing this for you. I have been to England. Do you like grammar? He doesn't like peas. You must practice every day. Modifies/Describes a verb. Adverb of Manner (Answers "How?") He talks quickly. Adverb of Frequency (Answers "How often?") I usually go to the store on the weekends. She never lies. We work on grammar every day. Adverbs of Time (Answers "When?"—Also called Subordinating Conjunctions) Before I go to the store, I make a list. When I get good grades, I am happy. After I finish this term, I will take a break. PRESENT PARTICIPLE Base verb + -ing Used in progressive verbs with "be" PAST PARTICIPLE Sometimes looks like simple past tense, but it's not always the same (see irregular verbs) Used in perfect tense verbs with "have" Used in the passive voice PREPOSITION Can tell about time: We don't have Listening/Speaking class on Thursdays. Class begins at 8:30. Can tell about place: Our classroom is on the third floor. Please sit in your chair. Can tell about direction: He went to Little Rock. Examples: in, on, at, around, for, to, from. There are many, many more. ARTICLE A: one, general, first time An: before a word that begins with a vowel sound The: specific, second time, familiar, only one, superlative. (Zero Article): no article is used before generalizations GERUND Looks exactly like a present participle (V + ing), but it's used as a subject, object, or object of a preposition in a sentence. It's NOT used like a verb. INFINITIVE "to + base verb" (verb with no changes) Used as a subject or object in a sentence, not as a COORDINATING CONJUNCTION SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION verb. Connects two independent clauses. These are often called FANBOYS: For And Nor But Or Yet So These begin dependent clauses. There are a LOT. Examples: *as even if as though in order that unless although if only *until as if if when *after once while as long as rather than whether as soon as *since whenever because so that where *before than wherever even though though *These words can be either a subordinating conjunction or a preposition depending on how they're used. If followed immediately by a subject and verb, it is probably a subordinating conjunction. If not, it's probably a preposition.