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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study There are two types of language varieties; they are spoken language and written language. Most of us intuitively understand that oral language is different from written language. All communication includes the transfer of information from one person to another, and while the transfer of information is only the first step in the process of understanding a complex phenomenon; this is the first important step. Writing is a fairly static form of transfer. Speaking is a dynamic transfer of information. To be an effective speaker, one must exploit the dynamism of oral communication and learn to work within its limitations. While there is a higher level of immediacy and a lower level of retention in oral communication, a speaker is able to engage the audience psychologically and to use complex forms of nonverbal communication The written language can be significantly more precise. Written words can be chosen with greater deliberation and thought, and a written argument can be extraordinarily sophisticated, intricate, and lengthy. These attributes of writing are possible because the pace of involvement is controlled by both the writer and the reader. The writer can write and rewrite at great length, a span of time which in some cases can be measured in years. Similarly, the reader can read quickly or slowly or even stop to think about what he or she has just read. More importantly, the reader always has the option of re-reading; even if that option is not exercised, its mere possibility has an effect upon a reader's understanding of a text. The written word appeals more to a contemplative, deliberative style. For most people language is “oral language”, consisting of a systematically organized set of oral-aural symbols. It is uttered by the speaker and is interpreted by the listener. The writing system only imperfectly reflects the “spoken-heard” form of language. To understand writing we must correctly relate it to its communicative context. Because of this imperfect representation, there is more room for the reader to misunderstand the real message of the text than the listener understands the speaker. Translating a text is not as easy as what people think and cannot be done simply without good consideration. And people by all means do not have the background or science which deals with translation will find many difficulties in translating the text. Recognizing and understanding the source language and the target language is not enough if we want to translate; however, knowledge is needed. A translator has to have wide and good knowledge, whether knowledge of the source language or knowledge of the target language itself, and should also know the cultural background of both languages. Translation is ultimately a human activity which enables human beings to exchange ideas and thoughts regardless of the different tongues used. All Wassety (2001) views the phenomenon of translation as legitimate offspring of the phenomenon of language, since originally, when humans spread over the earth, their languages differed and they needed a means through which people speaking a certain language (tongue) would interact with other who spoke a different language. According to Sneddon (1996: 246) the person or thing we want to talk about is usually expressed as the subject of the clause. If we want to talk about the actor we make it the subject of the verb and use an active verb. Active transitive verbs have prefix MeN-. The construction is called an active clause or stated to be in active voice. The other participant in the action is expressed by the object in an active clause. If we want to focus our attention on this person or thing we make it the subject of the passive form of the verb. The construction is called a passive clause or stated to be in passive voice. The actor expressed by an agent phrase follows the passive verb. In Indonesia a passive verb usually added by prefix di-. For example: Active : Mereka sudah menjemput Tomo. They have met Tomo. Passive : Tomo sudah dijemput oleh mereka. Tomo has been met by them. The passive construction is more frequent in Indonesian rather than in English. Typically, transformation from an active construction into a passive in both languages involves no more than the changes. Components of the clause other than subject, verb and object are not affected. As in English, passive constructions allow the speaker to avoid mentioning the actor. This is sometimes necessary or desired because the actor is not known, obvious, and not important, or because the action is something which can be done by anyone. In most language styles passive constructions are far more common in Indonesian than in English. Consequently, an Indonesian passive voice can often only be translated into natural English by an active construction. The following passive sentence is natural in Indonesian but cannot be translated into English passive: * Anaknya sendiri tidak pernah dicarikannya jodoh” is a passive sentence but it is translated into an active sentence in English “She has never looked for a marriage partner for her own child.” (Sneddon, 1996: 255) In Indonesian, passive has two different forms, called ‘passive type one’ and ‘passive type two’. The choice of passive type is determined by the actor (Sneddon, 1996: 247). In passive type one, the actor is the third person, that is, pronoun dia or mereka or a noun. The passive type one is also used if no actor is expressed. The structure of an active clause and its corresponding passive type one is set out as follows: Active voice: Subject (actor) + men- verb + Object (patient) Passive voice: Subject (patient) + di- verb + (oleh) + Agent (actor) In passive type two, the agent is pronoun or pronoun substitute. The agent phrase comes before the verb, which does not have a prefix. The structure of passive two is as follows: Subject (patient) + Agent (actor) + Verb Singular First Person Saya Second person Kamu etc. Third person dia A Plural Kami, kita B mereka nouns Table 1.1 * Passive type one is used when the actor is in box A. * Passive type two is used when the actor is in box B. Beside using prefix di-, in Indonesian, passive voice can also be formed by using prefix ter-, ber-, and circumfix ke – an. These are examples which are related to passive form without di-: 1. Kaki orang itu terinjak oleh Ahmad. (The man’s foot was trampled on by Ahmad.) 2. Rumahnya kedatangan penjahat. (= didatangi) (His house was visited by criminals.) 3. Kain itu berlipat pada tepinya. (= dilipat) (The piece of cloth was folded at the edges.) In English, the active passive relation involves two grammatical ‘levels’: the verb phrase and the clause. In the verb phrase, the difference between the two voice categories is that the passive adds a form of auxiliary be- and the past participle (the –ed form) to the main verb. At the clause level, passivization involves rearrangement of two clausal elements and one addition: (a) The active subject becomes the passive agent; (b) The active object becomes the passive subject; (c) The preposition by is introduced before the agent. The prepositional phrase of a passive sentence is an optional sentence element (Quirk, 1972: 801). It is interesting to discuss and analyze passive construction especially from Indonesian into English because, here, the passive is not only translated from passive into passive but can also be found that passive can be translated into active to make the message sound natural in the target language. This topic is already discussed by a former student but he only discussed two types of Indonesian passive constructions, that is, passive with prefix di-, prefix ter- and passive translated into active. While in this thesis, the passive with prefix ber- has been found which, according to Dr. Liaw Yock Fang, can be categorized as passive construction. The source text is taken from a novel which is already translated from Indonesian into English. The title of the novel is Cerita dalam Keheningan written by Zara Zettira ZR. and is translated into Every Silence has a Story by Ronaldo. 1.2 Problems of the Study Based on the previous discussion, some problems can be formulated as follows: 1. What types of Indonesian passive constructions are found in the novel Cerita dalam Keheningan? 2. What are the equivalents of Indonesian passive constructions in English found in this novel? 3. What kind of shifts occurring from the Source Language text (SL) into the Target Language (TL) concerning passive construction? 4. Are there any loss and gain of information concerning passive sentences found in this novel? 1.3 Objectives of the Study Generally this study has an objective to improve our knowledge, especially in the area of translation, as well as to put into application the theories and concepts of translation by conducting a research. Transitive verb has two voices, active and passive. The active form is a person, animal, or object indicated by the subject which does something on the other. The passive is a person, animal or object which is stated to suffer from something else. The study focuses on passive constructions in Indonesian and their translations into English which could involve shifts and also loss and gain of information in their translation. Basically, the objective of this study is to analyze Indonesian passive constructions and their translations into English. Specifically this study aims at: 1. Finding out the types of Indonesian passive constructions found in the novel Cerita dalam Keheningan. 2. Analyzing the Indonesian passive constructions and their equivalents in English. 3. Describing what kind of shifts occurred from SL text into TL concerning passive construction. 4. Finding out loss and gain of information concerning the passive sentences found in this novel. 1.4 Scope of the Study The discussion of this study covers identifying, analyzing and studying the types of Indonesian passive constructions in the SL text and the equivalent found in the TL, and then determining which is retained as passive and which is not retained as passive in English. This study will be focused on passive constructions with prefix di- and its variations, prefix ter-, prefix ber-, and passive which is translated into active. 1.5 Significance of the Study The significance of this study includes the following: 1.5.1 Theoretical Significance This study will enrich research on the analysis of passive construction, especially in Indonesian and English passive constructions. The result of this study hopefully can give useful benefit to translation studies and can be a good reference for further research especially to those who take the topic related to passive constructions. 1.5.2 Practical Significance This study is intended to be a useful research to develop the strategy in finding the equivalent of passive constructions between two languages, that is, Indonesian and English. It can be proposed to be a subject of grammatical structure which can be learnt by anybody who wants to know about passive constructions. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Literature Review Some theses and an article related to translation especially passive construction are reviewed in this study to give comparison and input to this writing: First, Putra (2004) in his thesis entitled “Translating into Indonesian the Function of –ing suffix in the Novel “Bloodline” says that gerund-participle construction after the word ‘need’ and ‘worth’ carries a passive meaning. GerundParticiple construction after the word ‘need’ and ‘worth’ is translated into ‘perlu di…’ or ‘bermanfaat untuk di……’ in target language. For example, “This shoe needs repairing” which is translated into “Sepatu ini perlu diperbaiki”. “The film is worth seeing” which is translated into “Film itu bermanfaat untuk ditonton”. Second, Sujaya (2003) in his thesis entitled “Skewing in English – Indonesian Translation” states that the use of passive constructions also shows skewing, in this case skewing between propositional and grammatical forms. For example, “My car was stolen” which is the passive form of “Someone stole my car”, is used to state the focus is on the car. Besides, the person who stole it is unknown, so the agent cannot be specified. Since there is a change of grammatical form and semantic structure, there is skewing of propositional structure and clause structure. This thesis is also highly relevant to the present study since passive construction is frequently shifted or skewed in the TL. Third, a thesis is written by Dewa Putu Arsa (2005), entitled “Indonesian Passive Constructions and Their Equivalence in English found in Collective Labour Agreement”. He states that passive construction is commonly used both in Indonesian and in English. In Indonesian, passive construction is marked or characterized by prefix di- and prefix ter-. Prefix di- is sometimes combined with suffix –kan and –i. In English passive construction is formed by Be + verb past participle. For example, prefix di- and ter-, “Dokter perusahaan, ialah dokter yang ditunjuk oleh perusahaan…….” Which is translated into “The Company’s doctor is the doctor appointed by ……”. “Upah yang diterima oleh pekerja sudah termasuk tunjangan transportasi” which is translated into “The transportation allowance is included in the salary received by the employee”. An article about passive voice which is written by C. A. Perez in Enzine Article is also used to give an overview about the advantages of using the passive voice over active voice. The title of this article is Passive Voice is a Good Choice over Active Voice – 3 Reasons Why. This article explains about the fact that passive has its place and sometimes is a good choice over active voice. Passive can be a preferable construction. Besides being sometimes preferable, passive voice can also be profitable. Here are three reasons for choosing passive over active voice. Variety Emphasis Keywords Variety Active should be the predominant verb voice that we use throughout our article. It does help the reader understand what we are trying to say. It forces sentences to be more concise. However, an article that uses active voice exclusively can be too staccato and sound like a monotonous drumbeat. Inserting an occasional passive voice sentence will add some variety. In fact, in some situations, we may not have a choice or it would be awkward to use active voice. For Example (passive): "It is written, 'Thou shall not use passive voice'. To change it into active would be awkward. "God, Shakespeare, somebody wrote, 'Thou shall not use passive voice'." The passive sentence has a certain mystique or quality that the active one does not have. Emphasis Another opportunity to use passive for emphasis is this example. Suppose we are writing an article on reasons why active is the preferred voice to use. One reason could be: For example (passive): "Visuals are created in the reader's mind by active voice." Here the emphasis is on the reason, visuals. To change it into active: "Active voice creates visuals in the reader's mind." It is your choice. Keywords Here is where using passive is most profitable. As we know, emphasizing keywords is critical to SEO (Search Engine Optimization). As in the previous example, in the passive voice, we can bring those keywords to the forefront in your titles and in your opening paragraphs to capture the reader's attention. For example: Let us suppose that our keyword is "apple jelly". In a title (passive): "Apple jelly is made from good apples." To change it into active: "Good apples make good apple jelly." But your keyword, "apple jelly", may not be read because it is not at the forefront. 2.2 Concepts There are some concepts that need to be explained in relation to translation, Indonesian passive construction, English passive construction, shift and also lost and gain. 2.2.1 The Concept of Translation There are actually many definitions in terms of translation, commonly referring to the same notion. The differences are in a sense quite understandable; the differences may depend on the text translated, the target readers, the translator and the language itself. It is due to the fact that language constantly changes to different styles. Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form which can be very different in the target language. Thus a translation acceptable in one period is often quite unacceptable at a later time. Larson (1998: 3) state that the purpose of translating is to transfer the meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. 2.2.2 The Concept of Indonesian Passive Construction Each language has its own form and structure. Indonesian and English are two different languages which have different grammatical structures, especially in passive construction. The forms of the Indonesian passive construction are mostly marked by prefix di + base of verb. Passive constructions are very frequently found in Indonesian and English text. One of the problems appear in translating a text is rendering the meaning of passive construction in source language ,that is, English into the target language ,that is, Indonesian or vice versa because these two languages have their own system and structure. Hasan Alwi dkk. (1998:345) states that passivizing Indonesian active sentence can be done in two ways, they are : (1) by using verbs which are attached by prefix di-, and (2) by using verbs without prefix di-. Passive forms without di- can be in the forms of using prefix ter-, ber- and circumfix ke – an. 2.2.3 The Concept of English Passive Construction In English passive constructions, Larson (1998: 245) in his book states that the distinction between passive and active verbs is common to many languages. Quirk, (1972: 801) in his book states that passive constructions are made by adding a form of auxiliary be and the past participle (the –ed form) of the main verb. In semantic structure, all event propositions are active and the agents are expressed, but in the surface structure grammar of languages, the passive form often occurs. 2.2.4 The Concept of Shift Since every language has its own system of grammar and lexicon, in transferring the meaning of the source language into target language text, shift become unavoidable facts. In line with this, Catford (in Venuti, 2000: 141) states that what is meant by shift is departure from formal correspondence in the process of going the source language into target language. 2.2.5 The Concept of Loss and Gain No translation in a receptor (target) language can be the exact equivalent of the text in the source language. It means that information in the widest sense (including the lexical and connotative meanings) in the target language is inevitably different from that in the source language (Margono, 2000:8). There is no exact equivalent in language and translation. So there are many ways that can be adopted by the translator in order to translate the text in a very natural way. However, the phenomena of loss and gain of information seem something common in translation as stated by Nida (1975) in his principles of correspondence, “Formal equivalent focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. In such a translation one is concerned with the messages in the receptor language that it should match as closely possible with different elements in the source language. This means that the message in the receptor culture is constantly compared with the message in the source culture to determine the standard of accuracy and correctness”. So in the process of translation the translator may add some information with the hope that it does not contradict the message of the sentence. 2.3 Theoretical Framework There are few theoretical frameworks used in this study, they are: methodology of translation by Vinay and Darbelnet, types and functions of Indonesian passive constructions by Hasan Alwi dkk., Dr. Liaw Yock Fang and James Neil Sneddon, the theory of English passive constructions by Randolph Quirk, the theory of shift by Catford is used to discuss about the shift occurring in passive constructions from the SL into the TL, and also the concept of loss and gain are proposed by Nida is used to find loss and gain of information concerning passive sentences. 2.3.1 Active and Passive Keith Brown and Jim Miller in their book “Syntax: A Linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure, Second Edition” (1980, 125 – 127), explains that any human language contains many different constructions; using examples from English, we will see that instead of filing a given construction separately in its own pigeonhole, we should establish and make explicit its relationships with other constructions. The essential point is that the constructions of a given language do not make up an unconnected list but form a network of interconnections. Some interconnections are straightforward, as in the constructions in no. 1 and no. 2: 1. The dog was sleeping under the tree 2. Under the tree the dog was sleeping No. 1 and no. 2 describe the same situation, differing only with respect to the constituent at the front of the sentence. No. 1 has a neutral order of constituents, but in no. 2 the PP under the tree is in the first position, thereby enjoying prominence over the other constituents. Why the speaker might wish to make it prominent is not important for present purposes. We need only note that structure no. 1, which is neutral, can be taken as basic, structure of no. 2, which is not neutral, can be considered as derived from structure of no. 1. We can interpret ‘derivation’ literally, and assume that structure no. 2 is derived by taking structure no. 1, detaching the PP under the tree and moving it to the front of the sentence. But not all pairs of constructions enjoy such a straightforward relationship as no. 1 and no. 2. Consider no. 3 and no. 4: 3. The cat has eaten the mouse 4. The mouse has been eaten by the cat The semantic relationship lies primarily in the fact that both sentences share the same ‘agent’ (the cat), responsible for the action described by the verb, and the same ‘patient’ (the mouse), affected by the action described by the verb. One could say that no. 3 describes the situation from the cat’s point of view, and no. 4 describes the same situation from the point of view of the mouse. For the present purposes, the relevant semantic relationship is that in both sentences the cat does the eating and the mouse is eaten. This is reflected in the traditional description of sentences no. 3 as ‘active’ (agent subject) and no. 4 as ‘passive’ (patient subject). No. 3 and no. 4 are considered to be related to the constituent structure. In broad outline, the relationship consists of the following three components: (1) The NP (the mouse) that is the object of the verb in no. 3 ‘becomes’ the subject of the verb in no. 4. (2) Correspondingly, the NP (the cat) that is the subject in no. 3 has the preposition by adjoined to it to form the Prepositional Phrase (PP) by the cat, and this now follows the verb. (3) In no. 3 the verbal constituent has eaten consist of the auxiliary verb has followed by the past participle eaten. In the passive sentence the verb is changed by the additional of been, a form of the verb BE, which is added immediately after (and as a right sister to) the auxiliary verb. We call this form of the verb BE the ‘passive auxiliary’. The active – passive relationship can be generalized to any sentence containing a transitive verb. It can be said that in any active sentence, the main verb is replaced by BE or GET and the passive participle form of the main verb; eaten in no. 3 is replaced by was eaten. 2.3.2 Passive as a Foregrounding and Backgrounding Operation According to Edward L. Keenan in the book “Language Typology and Syntactic Description” (1986; 243 – 244), passive can be said as a foregrounding and backgrounding operation. Consider the following sentences: (1) a. Mary slapped John b. John was slapped c. John was slapped by Mary Functionally speaking, passives such as (1b) and (1c) maybe considered foregrounding construction compared with the syntactically less marked and pragmatically more neutral active, (1a): they ‘topicalize’ (‘foreground’, ‘draw our attention to’) an element, John, which is not normally presented as topical in active. To this extent passives are similar to what we shall here call topicalizations, (2b) below, and left-dislocations, (3b) below, both prominent foregrounding constructions across the world’s languages. (2) a. I like beans b. Beans I like (3) a. Congressmen don’t respect the President anymore b. As for the President, congressmen don’t respect him anymore. Functionally, the passives differ from these sentences in at least two ways. First, by eliminating the subject of the active, as in (1b), or by relegating it to the status of an oblique NP, as in (1c), they background the active subject in ways in which the topicalization of left- dislocations do not. Moreover, the passives seem to be weaker foregrounding construction than either the topicalizations or left-dislocations. Thus in (3b) the President is somehow more of a topic than congressmen, the subject (= unmarked topic) of (3a). But in John was slapped, John seems to be a topic only to the same extent that Mary is in the corresponding active, Marry slapped John. Thus from a dislocated sentence such as As for the President I saw him in Chicago a few days ago we cannot naturally form In Chicago as for the President I saw him a few days ago. Such examples suggest that it is difficult for a sentence to present more than one marked topics. It is, however, fully natural to topicalize from an already passive sentence. Thus from The President was welcomed with open arms in Chicago we may naturally form In Chicago the President was welcomed with open arms. It appears then that the foregrounding inherent in passive does not compete with that expressed by topicalization or left-dislocation. Moreover, the fact that we can topicalize or dislocate from a passive sentence is merely one example of a much broader difference in the syntactic nature of passive, compared with topicalization and dislocation. It is quite generally the case that the major syntactic operation in a language, such as nominalizing operations (I was dismayed at John’s being fired), relative-clause formation (the garden in which John was attacked), and yes-no question formation (Was John attacked in the garden?), operate freely on passives (with some exceptions, such as imperative formation). Generally then, basic passives tend to be well integrated into the rest of the grammar, whereas topicalizations and dislocations tend to be limited to main clauses. 2.3.3 Indonesian Passive Constructions According to Alwi dkk in his book, Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, third edition (1998: 345-347), the meaning of active passive in the sentence involves several things: (1) the type of verb as a predicate, (2) the subject and object, and (3) the form of verbs used in the sentence. These are the examples of active sentence: (1). Pak Toha mengangkat seorang asisten baru. (2). Pak Saleh harus memperbaiki dengan segera rumah tua itu. (3). Saya sudah mencuci mobil itu. All the examples above show that the verbs contained in each sentence are transitive verb. Because the sentences are transitive, then there are at least three compulsory elements in it, they are: the subject, predicate and object. The transitive verbs which are used in an active form are the verbs using the prefix meng-. Passive in Indonesian can be divided into two types: (1) by using verb which is attached by prefix di-, and (2) by using verb without prefix di-. If we use S to symbolize Subject, P for Predicate, and O for Object, changing active sentence into passive sentence in Indonesian can be done by: A. Passive Type I 1. Exchange S with O 2. Replace prefix meng- with di- in the verb 3. Add the word oleh in front of the actor Example : 1. Active : Pak Toha mengangkat seorang asisten baru. Passive : a. * Seorang asisten baru mengangkat Pak Toha. (false) b. Seorang asisten baru diangkat Pak Toha. c. Seorang asisten baru diangkat oleh Pak Toha. From the examples above, we can see that the preposition oleh in sentence (1.b) and (1.c) is optional. But if the predicate is not directly followed by the actor, oleh is an obligatory. Based on the explanation above, the following sentence in example 2 can be explained that sentence (2.a) is rejected as a form of passive because the predicate is not directly followed by the actor, while the form of sentence (2.b) can be received as a passive form because it is followed by preposition oleh. Example : 2. Active : Pak Saleh harus memperbaiki dengan segera rumah tua itu. Passive : a. * Rumah tua itu harus diperbaiki segera Pak Saleh. (false) b. Rumah tua itu harus diperbaiki segera oleh Pak Saleh. B. Passive Type II As mentioned above the form of passive which is derived from active transitive sentence and the subject is pronoun can be done by using passive type II. This is the way of forming passive sentence using passive type II: 1. Move O to the front of the sentence 2. Omit prefix meng- in the P 3. Move S to the suitable place before the verb The following examples show which sentence can be categorized as passive type II and which can not be categorized as passive type II. Sentence (3.a) and (3.b) are rejected as a form of passive, while sentence (3.c) can be received as passive form because it is accordance with passive type II. Examples: 3. Active : Passive : Saya sudah mencuci mobil itu. a. * Mobil itu saya sudah mencuci. (false) b. * Mobil itu saya sudah cuci. (false) c. Mobil itu sudah saya cuci. If the subject of an active transitive sentence is filled by the third person pronoun or the name which is relatively short, then the passive sentence can be formed by using passive type I or passive type II as shown in the following examples: 1. Active : Mereka akan membersihkan ruangan ini. Passive : a. Ruangan ini akan dibersihkan (oleh) mereka. ( p. type I) b. Ruangan ini akan mereka bersihkan. ( p. type II) 2. Active : Passive : Dia sudah membaca buku itu. a. Buku itu sudah dibaca olehnya/(oleh) dia. ( p. type I) b. Buku itu sudah dibacanya/dia baca. ( p. type II) 3. Active : Passive : Ayah belum mendengar berita duka itu. a. Berita duka itu belum didengar (oleh) ayah. ( p. type I) b. Berita duka itu belum ayah dengar. ( p. type II) When the subject of an active transitive sentence is long, the equivalent in forming passive sentence can be formed by using passive type I like in the examples above. Sentence (1.a) is rejected as passive form because the subject is long, while sentence (1.b) is categorized as passive because even though the subject is long but the order is right. Example: 1. Active : Susilawati Hamid belum mendengar berita duka itu. Passive : a. * Berita duka itu belum Susilawati Hamid dengar. (false) b. Berita duka itu belum didengar (oleh) Susilawati Hamid. ( p. type I) In Indonesian, the meaning of passive can also be combined with another element, which means to do something not on purpose. When an active sentence is changed into passive sentence and the act shown by the verb in passive sentence means doing something not on purpose, then the form of prefix used in the verb of passive form is not prefix di- anymore but change into prefix ter-. The following examples show the differences between the meanings of using prefix di- and prefix ter- : Examples : 1. (a) Pintu mobil itu dibuka. (b) Pintu mobil itu terbuka. 2. (a) Penumpang itu dilempar keluar. (b) Penumpang itu terlempar keluar. Sentence (1.a) shows that someone is doing something on purpose. On the other side, sentence (1.b) shows that the situation or someone is doing something thing not on purpose. In sentence (2.b) the passenger is thrown by someone or perhaps thrown by the shocking bus. In addition to containing the meaning not on purpose, the passive verb that uses prefix ter- also has the meaning of God’s will or power of nature. Example: 1. Gunung Agung terletak di Kabupaten Karangasem. 2. Masalah itu terlepas dari rasa senang dan tidak senang. There is another form of passive where the predicate has an adversative meaning. Adversative verb is put in predicate and means unpleasant. This kind of verb takes circumfix ke---an. Examples: 1. a. Soal itu diketahui oleh orang tuanya. b. Soal itu ketahuan orang tuanya. 2. a. Partai kita dimasuki unsur kiri. b. Partai kita kemasukan unsur kiri. As we can observe from the two examples above that the verb ‘ketahuan’ in (1.b) and ‘kemasukan‘ in sentence (2.b) indicate something unexpected or unpleasant. According to Fang in his book, Indonesian Grammar Made Easy (1998: 25 – 27), only active and transitive sentence can be transformed into passive sentence. The subject in the transitive sentences is said to be performing or doing the action indicated by the verb. The subject is said to be the doer or actor. Some grammarians call transitive sentences as subject or actor-focus sentences. Transitive sentences can be transformed into passive sentences by: (1) Making the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence; (2) Replacing the prefix men- with di- (3) Making the subject of the active sentence the agent, recipient of the passive form signaled by the preposition oleh (by) which may be left if the doer is obvious or unimportant. Passive sentence is also called object-focus sentence, because in these sentences it is the object that is the focus of our attention. Passive sentence is used far more common in Indonesian than in English, especially in newspaper headlines. Some grammarians argue that the rules for transforming active sentence into passive sentence only apply if the subject or doer is the third person. If the subject or doer is the first or the second person, the rules are not applicable. Example: 1. Active : Saya mengambil pensil itu. ( I took the pencil ) Passive : a. Pensil itu diambil (oleh) saya. b. Pensil itu saya ambil. (The pencil was taken by me.) 2. Active : Aku sudah menulis karangan itu. (I have written the article.) Passive : a. Karangan itu sudah ditulis oleh aku. b. Karangan itu sudah kutulis. (The article has been written by me.) 3. Active : Kamu harus membaca buku ini. (You must read this book.) Passive : a. Buku itu harus dibaca oleh kamu. b. Buku itu harus kamu baca. (This book must be read by you.) Most grammarians reject (1.a), (2.a) and (3.a), as the passive form of sentences 1 – 3. To them, the correct forms are (1.b), (2.b) and (3.b). The only grammarian who accepts (1.a), (2.a) and (3.a) as the passive form of sentences 1 – 3 is Gorys Keraf (1991: 76), the writer of a very popular grammar book for secondary schools entitled Tatabahasa Indonesia Untuk Sekolah Lanjutan Atas (Indonesian Grammar for Upper Secondary Schools). Macdonald and Soejono (1967: 235) also accepted this form. Readers, especially students sitting for examinations, are strongly advised to learn the form favored by most grammarians. The rules for creating this passive form may be summed up as follows: (1) Make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive form; (2) Delete the prefix men-; (3) Place the subject immediately before the predicator; if the subject is aku or engkau, change it into ku or kau and join it together with the predicator. (4) Auxiliary verbs should be placed before the subject; (5) The position of the adverbial remains unchanged. Below are some more examples on the application of these rules: 1 Active : Passive : 2. Active : Passive : 3. Active Saya menendang bola itu. (I kicked the ball.) Bola itu saya tendang. (The ball was kicked by me.) Aku menerima nasihatnya. (I accepted his advice.) Nasihatnya kuterima. (His advice was accepted by me.) : Engkau menerima nasihatnya. (You accepted his advice.) Passive : Nasihatnya kauterima. (The advice was accepted by you.) 4. Active : Saudara harus mengundang Pak Lurah. (You must invite the village chief.) Passive : Pak Lurah harus Saudara undang. (The village chief must be invited by you.) Beside the prefix di-, prefix ter- and circumfix ke – an are also used to express the passive voice in Indonesian. The only difference between the two prefixes is that the sentence with the prefix ter- implies that the action as accidentally done: 1. a. Kaki orang itu diinjak oleh Ahmad. (The man’s food was trampled on by Ahmad.) b. Kaki orang itu terinjak oleh Ahmad. (The man’s food was accidentally trampled on by Ahmad.) 2. a. Rumah itu dibakar tadi malam. (The house was burned down last night.) b. Rumah itu terbakar tadi malam. (The house was burned down by accident last night.) Lastly, it should be noted that the circumffix ke – an has also a passive overtone: 1. Saya kedinginan oleh udara itu. (= ditimpa dingin) (I suffered from the cold of the weather.) 2. Soal itu ketahuan oleh orang tuanya. (= diketahui) (The matter was known by his parents. 3. Kemarin saya kecurian uang. (= kena curi) (Yesterday my money was stolen.) 4. Rumahnya kedatangan penjahat. (= didatangi) (His house was visited by criminals.) Now and then, we may come across the prefix ber- used to express the passive voice: * Kain itu berlipat pada tepinya. (= dilipat) (The piece of cloth was folded in the edges.) James Neil Sneddon in his book, Indonesian Reference Grammar (1996: 247) classifies passive construction in Indonesian into two types and the choice of the type is determined by the actor. A. Passive Type I In passive type one the actor is the third person, that is pronoun dia or mereka or a noun. Passive type one is also used if no actor is expressed. The structure of an active clause and its corresponding passive type one is set out as follows: Active voice: Subject (actor) + MeN- verb + Object (patient) Passive voice: Subject (patient) + di- verb + (oleh) + Agent (actor) This structure is illustrated by the following active clause and its passive transformation: 1 Active : Dia menjemput saya. ( He met me.) Passive : Saya dijemput oleh dia. ( I was met by him.) A third person singular agent can be expressed by either ‘dia’ or –nya. They are optionally preceded by ‘oleh’: 1. Saya dijemputnya/ olehnya. 2. Saya dijemput dia/ oleh dia. B. Passive Type II In passive type II the agent is a pronoun or pronoun substitute. The agent phrase comes before the verb which does not have a prefix. Example : 1. Kami menjemput dia. ( We met him.) 2. Dia kami jemput. (He was met by us.) 2.3.4 English Passive Constructions Quirk (1972: 802-810) states that voice is a grammatical category which makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways, without changing the facts reported. Example: ACTIVE : The butler murdered the detective PASSIVE : The detective was murdered by the butler ACTIVE PASSIVE Present: Kisses ~ is kissed Past: Kissed ~ was kissed Modal: May kiss ~ may be kissed Perfective: Has kissed ~ has been kissed Progressive: Is kissing ~ is being kissed Modal + perfective: May have kissed ~ may have been kissed Table 2.1 The active-passive relation involves two grammatical ‘levels’: the verb phrase and the clause. In the verb phrase, the difference between the two voice categories is that the passive adds a form of the auxiliary be and the past participle (the –ed form) of the main verb. At the clause level, passivization involves rearrangement of two clause elements and one addition. (a) The active subject becomes the passive agent, (b) the active object becomes the passive subject, and (c) the preposition by is introduced before the agent. The prepositional agent phrase of passive sentence is an optional sentence element. The process of active-passive transformation for a monotransitive sentence with nominal object can be represented diagrammatically. S V O John kissed ACTIVE SUBJECT ACTIVE VERB PASIVE SUBJECT PASSIVE Mary was kissed S VERB Vpass Mary ACTIVE OBJECT OPTIONAL AGENT (by Jhon) O Figure 2.1 Alternatively, voice transformation can be expressed in this formula: noun phrase1 + active verb phrase + noun phrase2 ~ noun phrase2 + passive verb phrase + ( by noun phrase1) Biber (1999: 475-482) add that transitive verbs are usually active and can also occur in the passive voice. Most passive constructions are formed with the auxiliary be followed by an ed- participle. The noun phrase in the by- phrase is commonly referred to as the agent, although it could serve other semantic roles. The passive construction with by- phrase is called the long passive. In contrast, the short passive (or agentless passive) does not have by-phrase. Examples: 1. Dormancy is associated with short duration. 2. Elements are usually classified as metals or non-metals. Passive constructions form a fuzzy category, grading into be + predicative adjectives with static meaning. For example, participial forms such as delighted and excited are clearly adjectival rather than passive verbs: Examples: 1. We are delighted with the result. 2. I ought to be excited. In academic writing, many of the verbs that most commonly occur in the passive refer to aspects of scientific methodology and analysis. Examples: 1. The rate of profit can only be calculated with reference to both variable and constant capital. 2. The test object clause will allow any object to be tested. In news, a different set of verbs commonly occurs in the passive. Many of these report negative events that happened to someone, omitting the person who performed the activity. Examples: 1. He was jailed for three months 2. Neither man was injured during the accident Most of the verbs commonly occurring in the get passive in conversation, like many in the be-passive, are used as stative passive. Thus, most of these constructions cannot take an agent specified in by-phrase. However, the use of the get-passive conveys a more dynamic sense than the be-passive, that is, the ‘be passive’ often simply describes a state, while the ‘get-passive’ describes the process of getting into the state, with a resultant meaning similar to ‘become’. Examples of Be-Passive: 1. They were not involved for that long. 2. You are going to be left alone to get on with your job. Examples of Get-Passive: 1. We start to get involved in local society. 2. My head got stuck up there. Larson (1984:245-255) states that the distinction between passive and active verbs is common in many languages. In the semantic structure, all event propositions are active and the agent is expressed. But in the surface structure grammar of languages, the passive form often occurs. The function of the passive construction is very different from language to language. The proposition ‘John painted the house’ could be said in English by using either the active or passive. Example: ACTIVE : John painted the house PASSIVE : The house was painted by John Both sentences above mean the same thing. Grammatically, the first is active and the second is passive. When the form is active, the person who does the action, that is, the agent, is the subject of the sentence. When the sentence is passive, the affected, house, is the subject. He also emphasizes that the translator must recognize the difference between passive and active constructions, be aware of the usages in the source language and in the target languages, and not expect to be able to translate literally passive for passive and active for active. Some adjustments will no doubt need to be made since in translation naturalness must of course be concerned with. 2.3.5 Theory of Translation 2.3.5.1 Meaning of Translation It is generally understood that the purpose of translating is to transfer the meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure (Larson, 1998: 3). In doing translation we must study the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language in order to find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure in the target language and its cultural context. Therefore, in translating English text into Indonesian, a translator must master both English as the source language and Indonesian as the target language. Nida (1974: 12) says that translating consists in reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. He also says that, in doing translation, meaning must be preserved as the most essential issue, then, the translator must pay attention to the style of the author. The result of translation must maintain the naturalness of the massage in the source language. Moreover Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partial equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc.) and at different ranks (words- for words, phrase- for phrase, sentence- for sentence). 2.3.5.2 General Types of Translation Every text has its own form and meaning in different types of language. Therefore, there are two kinds of translation. One is form-based translation and the other one is meaning-based. Form-based translations attempt to follow the form of the source language and are known as literal translation. Meaning-based translations make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translations are called idiomatic translations. 1. Literal Translation An interlinear translation is a completely literal translation. It is done by reproducing the linguistic feature of the SL text, whether that is in form of words, clauses, phrase, sentences, etc, into the TL text. Although it may be very useful for the purpose of the study of the source language, they are little help to speakers of the receptor language who are interested in the meaning of the source language text. A literal translation sounds like nonsense and has little communication value (Larson, 1998: 17). 2. Modified Literal Translation Except for interlinear translation, a truly literal translation is uncommon. Most translators who tend to translate literally actually make a partially modified literal translation. They modify the order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. However, the lexical items are translated literally. In a modified literal translation, the translator usually adjusts the translation enough to avoid real nonsense and wrong meanings, but the unnaturalness still remains (Larson, 1998: 18). 3. Idiomatic Translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the meaning of the SL in the natural form of the TL, both grammatical constructions and in the choice of lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the TL. Therefore, a good translator will try to translate idiomatically. This is his goal. It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A translator may express some parts of his translation in very natural form and then in other parts fall back into a literal form. Translations fall on a continuum from very literal, to literal, to modified literal, to near idiomatic, and then may even move to be unduly free (Larson, 1998: 19). 4. Unduly Free Translation Unduly free translations are not considered acceptable translation for most purposes. Translations are unduly free if they add extraneous information not in the source text, if they change the meaning of the SL, or if they distort the facts of the historical and cultural setting of the SL text. Sometimes unduly free translations are made for purpose of humor or to bring about a special response from the receptor language speakers. However, they are not acceptable as normal translations. The emphasis is on the reaction of those reading or hearing it and the meaning is not necessarily the same as that of the SL (Larson, 1998: 19). 2.3.5.3 Process of Translation The process of translation begins by reading the SL text as the first step. Simply, this step is to get the meaning of the SL text which is going to be translated into the TL text. This first step is done for two purposes: first, to understand what the text is about; second, to analyze it from the translator point of view. By doing so, the translator has to determine its intention and the way of writing for the purpose of selecting a suitable translation method and identifying particular and recurrent problem. It has to be remembered that the intention of the text represent the SL writer’s style towards the subject matter. All of these should be done in the context of the SL text. According to Larson’s, there are some steps that have to be attended in the process of translating shown in the diagram below: SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE Text to be translated Translation Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning Meaning Figure 2.2 It is clearly described above that when the translator is translating, the first step that must be done is to discover and understand the meaning or the massage of the SL text. After discovering the meaning of the SL, the translator then analyze it, in order to find the most natural form of the TL. She also says that, the best translation is the one which: (1) uses the normal language forms of the receptor language, (2) communicate, as much as possible, to the receptor language speakers the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of the source language, and (3) maintains the dynamics of the original source language text. Maintaining the “dynamic” of the original source text means that the translation is presented in such way that it will, hopefully, evoke the same response as the source text attempted to evoke (Larson, 1998: 6). To be able to understand the meaning of the SL text totally and perfectly, a translator must be able to understand the lexicon and the grammatical structure of the SL and also able to understand the roles of non-linguistic factors. Since this factors represent the communication situation and cultural context of the SL text. This is in agreement with what Larson stated on translation: Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context (1998: 3). Since the process of translation is build up for any linguistic and cultural differences, it should be able to cover those entire possible problems that might occur in translation, unless the process or procedure does not work in solving the problem. In general, Nida argues that the system of translation consists of a procedure comparing three stages. They are (1) analysis in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of grammatical relationship and the meaning of the words and combinations of words, (2) transfer in which the analyzed materials is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B, and (3) reconstructing in which the transferred materials is reconstructed in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language (1974: 34). Although they are basically the same, the operational approach built up by Bell explains the process of translating in rather different way. The transformation of a source language text into a target language text by means of processes which take place within memory: (1) the analysis of one language-specific text (the source language text, the SLT) into a universal (non-language-specific) semantic representation and (2) the synthesis of that semantic representation into a second language-specific text (the target language, the TLT) (1991: 20). 2.3.5.4 Methodology of Translation Translation procedures which is proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) will be applied in analyzing the procedures applied in translating each data and then analyzing it in order to know whether or not each application is appropriate. The seven procedures are as follows: a. Literal Translation: direct transfer of the SL text into grammatical and idiomatically appropriate of the TL text. For example: mie goreng (I) - fried noodles (E). b. Borrowing: usually used in terms of new technical or unknown concepts, for example: animation (E) – animasi (I). c. Calque: a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another, for example: Jakarta Post (E) – Jakarta Post (I). d. Transposition: replacing one word class with another without changing the message, for example: melanggar aturan (I) – committing a violation (E). e. Modulation: varying the form of language, obtained by a change in the point of view, for example: si perawan desa (I) – the single women in the village (E). f. Equivalence: the same situation which can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structure method, for example: warna coklat susu (I) – cream colour (E). g. Adaptation: the extreme limit of translation, which is used in case the type of situation being transferred from SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases the translator has to create new situation that can be considered equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalent, a situational equivalent, for example: om swastiastu (B) – welcome (E). 2.3.6 Shift When translation cannot be carried out by adhering closely to the linguistic form of the source text, textual equivalence is achieved through what Catford calls ‘translation shift’. The concept of shift is defined in terms of departures ‘from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL’ (1965: 73). Two major types of shift are identified: ‘level shift’ and ‘category shift’. Level shift occurs when source language item has a target language translation at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc.) For example, the word ‘untouchable’ is translated tidak dapat disentuh. Prefix ‘un-‘ which belongs to field of morphology is translated into lexical ‘tidak’ as well as suffix ‘-able’ is translated into ‘dapat’. So there is a level shift changing from morphology to syntax. Category shift is a generic term referring to shifts involving any of the four categories of class, structure, system and unit. For example, Source Text (ST) adjectival phrase becomes an adverbial phrase in the Target Text (TT). * a ‘class shift’, when an source language item is translated by means of a target language item belonging to a different grammatical class. For example, the adjective phrase in medical student becomes an adverbial phrase in the French equivalent ‘student in medicine’; * a ‘structure shift’ involving a change in grammatical structure between source text and target text. For example, ‘pemandangan (yang) indah’ is translated into ‘interesting view’. So the structure shift of this phrase changes from ‘head + modifier’ into ‘modifier + head’. * a ‘unit shift’ where a strict rank-for-rank correspondence between source language and target language sentences, clauses, groups, words and morphemes is not observed. For example, the Indonesian phrase ‘tidak dapat diterima’ is translated into English word ‘unbelieable’. * an ‘intra-system shift’ which occurs when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target language system – this is regardless of whether the source language and target language possess systems which approximately correspond formally. For example, an SL ‘plural’ becomes a TL ‘singular’, such as SL ‘kupu-kupu’ becomes ‘butterfly’ in TL. 2.3.7 Loss and Gain The concept of loss and gain is proposed by Nida and he said (1975:102), a translator should have good knowledge of the languages and of the cultures of both languages. The linguistic knowledge that should be mastered includes morphology, lexis, syntax, semantics, while cultural knowledge should be sufficiently possessed as the background of the user of these languages. As a matter of fact, it is very difficult to find lexical equivalents between TL culture and SL culture since they are very different from one another. The lexical meaning of the two languages will not exactly be the same. There tends to be loss, gain and skewing of information. Nida also says “we reject meaning as a common denominator or what is common to all situations in which a term is employed’. This is necessary because two languages (SLT and TLT) have different characteristics. In transferring the message from SL into the TL, the translator should add or omit some the information in order to have natural translation and the naturalness of the translated work can be realized if the Target Language Text is read and the readers feel that it is not like translated text. This definition expresses the idea that if we want to have the meaning of words or phrases, it must be in the context of sentence. An example is in the sentence like this: ‘The man who had pressed the remote control device’ and the translator translates it into ‘Lelaki yang baru saja menekan tombol alat control jarak jauh’. In this case the translator necessarily gives addition of information in translating the underlined nominal group construction by adding the word tombol which is not stated in the SL. 2.4 Reseach Model The research model shows the model of the research in the form of chart to show the relation between the topic, problem, theoretical framework and the result of the analysis. Translation Sentences Qualitative Method Indonesian (SL) Passive Sentences English (TL) Passive Sentences Process and Methodology of Translation Indonesian and English Passive Constructions Result Figure 2.3 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Data Source The data of this study were taken from a novel entitled Cerita dalam Keheningan by Zara Zettira ZR. This novel is already translated into English Every Silence has a Story by Ronaldo, so it is easier to find the equivalents of SL and TL, moreover the varieties of equivalent from Indonesian passive construction into English are also found. This novel is published by Esensi, division of Erlangga Publishing. The reason for choosing this novel as the data source of this study is this novel is loaded by various types of passive constructions especially in Indonesian, so the writer can find what kinds of passive constructions used in this novel and their equivalents in English. Besides, the novel contains many data that is relevant with the problem being discussed and analyzed in this study. 3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data The data collected in this study are primary data, that is, the data directly collected from the source. The primary data were collected by identifying and notetaking the Indonesian passive constructions and their translations in English. The first step was done by reading a number of times both the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). Then the Indonesian passive constructions in SL and their equivalence in TL were identified. The collected data were then systematically classified according to the purpose of analysis. In the process of taking data, the data which contained passive constructions in the SL were written down and found the equivalents in the TL. Then the data found in the SL and the TL were determined, which ones were translated into passive and which ones were not translated into passive. 3.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data A method of analysis in this study was done by grouping, evaluating and classifying the collected data in order to make sure that the data support the analysis. The analysis of the data refers to the scope of study and theoretical framework applied. The data was systematically analyzed based on the types of the Indonesian passive constructions and their translations in English. The classified data was qualitatively analyzed in the form of words and sentences rather than symbols. 3.4 Method of Presenting the Analyzed Data The data already collected and analyzed are presented in a form of sentences rather than symbol (see Sudaryanto, 1993:145). The analysis of the translation of passive constructions is started by presenting the passive constructions. The types of the passive constructions in the SL are compared to the types of passive in English. It will be found how many types of passive constructions in SL and how they are translated into TL. It will show that whether passive in SL is translated into passive or not. Then what kind of shift occurs from SL to TL concerning passive construction is determined. The last is finding out the loss and gain of information concerning passive construction. CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF PASSIVE CONTRUCTIONS 4.1 Analysis As clearly being discussed in Chapter I, the objectives of this study are: (1) finding out the types of Indonesian passive constructions found in the novel Cerita dalam Keheningan, (2) Analyzing the Indonesian passive constructions and their translations into English, 3) Describing what kinds of shifts occur from SL text into TL concerning passive construction, 4) Finding out loss and gain of meaning concerning passive sentence found in this novel. To achieve the goal of the aims of this study, some steps are taken in order to achieve a systematic analysis, the steps are as follows: A. The sentence showing passive construction in the source language is carefully analyzed in terms of form and meaning by applying some theories on passive construction proposed by Hasan Alwi dkk (1998), Dr. Liaw Yock Fang (1998), James Neil Sneddon (1996). The theory proposed by Randolph Quirk (1976) and Larson (1998) are also used to give an explanation about English passive construction. Hopefully, by using these theories the type of passive in both Indonesian and English can be clearly identified. B. All the data were analyzed in terms of the way the Indonesian passive construction translated into English. In the translation analysis, either the passive form in Indonesian is still retained or not in English, the equivalent of the Indonesian passive in English was seriously paid attention to by applying the theory of methodology of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbalnet (1958), the theory of meaning- based translation by Larson. And also to know if the translator add or omit some information to the sentence by using the theory of loss and gain proposed by Nida (1995) In accordance with the aim number 3 as mentioned above, the analysis is also viewed from the type of shift occurring in the process of translation. In doing this, the shift theory proposed by Catford will be applied. The analysis will be presented though some steps as follows: a. Based on the passive construction marker in the source language. b. How they are translated into English and whether or not the shift occurs in the target language. After the data have been collected, there are several variations of the passive form that appears in the data. There are eight variations found by the author and also there are also data that were transformed by the translator, from passive sentence into active sentence to facilitate the reader understand the content of the story and to make the sentence sound natural in target language, among others : di- + verb base, di- + verb base + -i, di- + verb base + -kan , di- + per- + verb base + -kan, di- + per + verb base + - i, ter- + verb base, and ber- + verb base, passive translated into active. 4.2 Passive Translated into Passive Mostly passive voice in the sentence is translated into passive in order not to reduce the meaning of the sentence. In Indonesian, there are several markers that are used to form the passive voice. The most frequently form of passive encountered and widely used in Indonesian is a form with the prefix di- and followed by verb base. Here are some variations in the use of passive voice with the prefix di-, and in its use can also be inserted with some form of prefix and suffix so that it can give a different meaning. And there are also various forms in the translation of the passive di- from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL). 4.2.1 A. Di- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction Passive Identification It has been obviously stated by Chung (1989: 2-10) that there are two types of passive construction in Indonesian: a canonical and a passive which has surface form of an object topicalization. A canonical passive is when the direct object is turned into a subject and the subject is removed to a prepositional phrase. The following are examples of passive constructions marked by “di + verb base”. Examples: 1. Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. (p. 8) 2. Atau seorang anak perempuan bernama Aniko akan dipanggil Anika jika ia memang cantik dan anggun tentunya. (p. 20) 3. Orang Indonesia sangat percaya bahwa nama seseorang dapat mendatangkan keberuntungan. Oleh karenanya, sebuah nama dipilih dengan sangat hati-hati. (p. 27) 4. Tradisi itu pantang untuk diubah, bahkan saat dunia ini semakin modern. (p. 28) 5. Paman-pamanku, para pembantu laki-laki, dan semua laki-laki di rumahku dibawa oleh para tentara itu. (p. 34). 6. Pikiran dapat dikuras habis lewat tulisan. (p. 55) From the examples above, it is shown that all of the sentences are in the form of passive. The passive verbs of the sentences are all marked by prefix di- + verb base. It can clearly be seen that the verb ‘dianggap’, ‘dipanggil’, ‘dipilih’. ‘diubah’, ‘dibawa’, ‘dikuras’ are the markers of passive construction in the above sentences. Based on the theory proposed by Chung (1989: 2-10) the examples above all belong to the type of canonical passive because the direct object of the sentences are turned into a subject. The direct object of sentence no. 1 is ‘Banten’ , in sentence no. 2 the direct object is ‘seorang anak perempuan’, in sentence no. 3 the direct object is ‘orang Indonesia’, in sentence no.4 the direct object is ‘tradisi’, while the direct object for sentence no. 5 is ‘paman-pamanku, para pembatu lakilaki dan semua laki-laki dirumahku’, in sentence no. 6 the direct object is ‘penjudi ulung’, and the direct object for sentence no. 7 is ‘pikiran’. From this analysis, it can be concluded that all the sentences above are really passive construction. B. Translation Analysis Nida (1974: 12) says that translating consists in reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. He also says that, in doing translation, meaning must be preserved as the most essential issue, then, the translator must pay attention to the style of the author. The result of translation must maintain the naturalness of the massage in the source language. The translations of the Indonesian passive construction above are as follows. Examples: 1. SL : Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. (p. 8) TL : Banten, until today, is still believed to be the place where the most powerful black magic priests came from. (p. 7) 2. SL : Atau seorang anak perempuan bernama Aniko akan dipanggil Anika jika ia memang cantik dan anggun tentunya. (p. 20) TL : Or a girl named Aniko will be called Anika if she is too damned cute, of course. (p. 14) 3. SL : Orang Indonesia sangat percaya bahwa nama seseorang dapat mendatangkan keberuntungan. Oleh karenanya, sebuah nama dipilih dengan sangat hati-hati. (p. 27) TL : Indonesians believe that names can bring luck. So names were picked carefully. (p. 18) 4. SL : Mereka akan memastikan bahwa anak-anak mereka, cucu-cucu mereka, dan generasi muda mereka memperoleh pendidikan seperti mereka, pasa pendahulu generasi. Tradisi itu pantang untuk diubah, bahkan saat dunia ini semakin moderen. (p. 28) TL : They have to makes sure that their kids, their grandchildren and their young generations will learn as ‘proper’ as the elderly. Nothing should be changed. Nothing at all. Even if the world becomes more and more modern. (p. 19) 5. SL : Paman-pamanku, para pembantu laki-laki, dan semua laki-laki di rumahku dibawa oleh para tentara itu. (p.34). TL : My uncles and our house bots, all the males in the family, were taken. (p. 23) 6. SL : TL : Pikiran dapat dikuras habis lewat tulisan. (p. 55) Thoughts can be drained out through writing. (p. 37) In sentence no. 1 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dianggap’ is translated into ‘is believed’ in the target language (TL). Passive construction in source language is formed by morphological process, that is, by attaching prefix di+ verb base, meanwhile the passive construction in target language is formed by syntactical process, that is, auxiliary verb be + past participle. As for the translation procedure, the translator adopted the modulation process because there is a change in the point of view from ‘dianggap’ which is translated into ‘is believed’. The phrase ‘is believed’ is more emphasizing rather than ‘dianggap’ which is meant to know about that place but not necessarily believed as the place of black magic. There is shift occurring in passive verb from lexical ‘dianggap’ into grammatical ‘is believed’ which can be categorized into level shift. There is addition of information here that is the word ‘priests’ in TL. The word ‘priest’ is added in this sentence in order to emphasize that most powerful black magic people came from Banten is the priests. In sentence no. 2 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dipanggil’ is translated into ‘be called’ in the target language (TL) since there is an auxiliary ‘will’. The passive construction in the source language is formed by attaching prefix di- + verb base become ‘dipanggil’, whereas the structure of passive construction in target language is formed by auxiliary verb be (is) + past participle (called). As for the translation procedure, the translator applies a type of literal translation because as we can see the result is well-built structure and quite as comprehensible as the source language. Of course there is shifting occurring in translating a text, the passive verb in this sentence is categorized as level shift because there is changing from lexical into grammatical. There is addition of information here, that is, the phrase ‘too damned’ in the TL. The phrase ‘too damned’ is added in this sentence in order to emphasize that if the girl named Aniko has a very beautiful face, the people will call her by the name of Anika. In sentence no. 3 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dipilih’ is translated into ‘were picked’ in the target language (TL). This passive verb is formed by attaching prefix di- + verb base, while the passive construction in the target language is structured by syntactical process, that is, auxiliary verb be (were) + past participle. Be (were) + past participle is used to show that the process of choosing the name is in the past or already over. Passive verb in this sentence can be categorized as literal translation because it directs transfer of the SL text into grammatical and idiomatically appropriate of the TL text. Level shift take places in this sentence because there is changing from lexical into grammatical. There is omission of information here that is the word ‘sangat’ in the SL is eliminated in the TL. The word ‘sangat’ in the SL means that people in Indonesia really believe in that tradition. Meanwhile in the TL the word ‘believe’ means ‘trust’ with that tradition but not much. In sentence no. 4 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘diubah’ is translated into ‘be changed’ in the target language (TL) since there is an auxiliary ‘should’. The passive construction in the source language is formed by morphological process, that is, by attaching prefix di- + verb base and passive construction in the target language is formed by auxiliary verb be + past participle. There is omission of information here, that is, the phrase ‘tradisi itu’ in SL is eliminated in the TL. The phrase ‘tradisi itu’ in the SL means that something that should be done continuously cannot be changed by the young generations. But in the TL it is omitted by the translator because he feels that the tradition of an elderly is already explained in the previous sentence. In sentence no. 5 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dibawa’ is translated into ‘were taken’ in the target language (TL). The passive construction in the source language is formed by morphological process, that is, by attaching prefix di+ verb base, meanwhile the passive construction in the target language is formed by syntactical process, that is, auxiliary verb be (were) + past participle. Be (were) + past participle is used to show that the process of taking the males from the house is in the past or already over. There is omission of information here, that is, the phrase ‘oleh para tentara itu’ in the SL is eliminated in the TL. The phrase ‘oleh para tentara itu’ in the SL means that people who take out the males from the house are the soldiers, not the others. So it is omitted by the translator in the TL because the word ‘soldiers’ is already stated in the beginning of the paragraph. In sentence no. 6 the verb in the source language (SL) ‘dikuras’ is translated into ‘be drained’ in the target language (TL). The passive construction in the source language is formed by morphological process, that is, by attaching prefix di- + verb base, meanwhile the passive construction in the target language is formed by syntactical process, that is, auxiliary verb be + past participle. There is no loss or gain of information. From the general type of translation, the translator used the type of modified literal translation. He modifies the order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. However, the lexical items are translated literally. From the analysis above it can be stated that all the passive verbs in sentences are dominated by level shift, that is, a shift from lexical to grammatical. As Catford (1965: 73) states that by shift of level is meant a condition in which a SL text at one linguistic level has a translation equivalent at a different level in the TL. He also adds that the commonest level shift in translation is shift from grammar to lexis or vice versa. 4.2.2 Di- + Verb Base + -i as Indonesian Passive Construction A. Passive Identification As often stated that passive sentence is derived from active sentence. The construction of passive almost depends on its active construction. The passive construction is formed by replacing prefix meng- with di- in the verb base. There are a number of verb bases that need suffix –i to be a verb form. According Sneddon, suffix -i has two major functions: to indicate that the object is the location of the action and to indicate repeated action. The most common function of -i is to indicate that the object is the place where the action occurs or the person or place to which the action is directed. The noun base like restu, ilham, luka, minyak, etc. cannot be a verb if only attached by prefix meng-, because Indonesian does not have verb form ‘merestu’, ‘mengilham’, ‘meluka’, ‘meminyak’. It is obvious that suffix -i is obligatorialy attached to form transitive verb. So the words above become ‘merestui’, ‘mengilhami’, ‘melukai’, and ‘meminyaki’. With a number of words suffix -i can be omitted without changing the meaning, so it is optional. To make it clear, the following examples optional -i is indicated in parentheses: 1. Menyiram(i) spray 2. Menurut(i) follow 3. Menghias(i) decorate 4. Mencicip(i) nibble (Sneddon, 1996: 92) By attaching suffix -i the transitivity verbs change from intransitive verbs to transitive verbs. Similar analysis is also applicable to make passive construction. From the examples above, only verbs added by suffix -i are possible to be passivized, that is: ‘disirami’, ‘dituruti’, ‘dihiasi’, ‘dicicipi’. While the examples with prefix di- without suffix -i are also possible or optional. There are some examples of passive constructions found in the data source: Examples: 1. Katanya, saat lahir, ia dinamai “Putri Baluki” atau dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti: “Putri yang Melukis”. (p. 7) 2. Kendati demikian, sebenarnya beliau lahir dari keluarga ulama yang pada zamannya cukup dihormati di Banten, Jawa Barat. (p. 8) 3. Dan momen cinta seakan-akan selalu diselubungi oleh aura mistis dan gaib. (p. 11) 4. Mungkin lemari antik itu juga dipenuhi oleh bubuk gaib sehingga dapat melindungi dirinya sendiri. (p. 74) It has been obviously presented above that in passivizing some active transitive verbs, suffix ‘-i’ is obligatory. It can easily be identified that those passive verb formations above are derived from prefix di- + verb base + suffix -i. The passive construction in sentence no. 1 is ‘di- + nama + -i’, in sentence no. 2 the passive construction is ‘di- + hormat + -i’, in sentence no. 3 the passive construction is ‘di- + selubung + -i’ and in sentence no. 4 the passive construction is ‘di- + penuh + -i’. Again, suffix ‘–i’ in all the passive verbs above are obligatory. B. Translation Analysis Larson (1989:245) stated that in a passive construction the verb of the clause is in the passive voice and rather than having the agent as the subject, the affected, is often the subject of the clause or the sentence. Now let us see the translation of the Indonesian passive construction above: Examples: 1. SL : Katanya, saat lahir, ia dinamai “Putri Baluki” atau dalam bahasa Indo berarti: “Putri yang Melukis”. (p. 7) TL : 2. SL : She was named ‘a painting princess’ when she was born. (p. 6) Kendati demikian, sebenarnya beliau lahir dari keluarga ulama yang pada zamannya cukup dihormati di Banten, Jawa Barat. (p. 8) TL : They are also considered workers, even though his father was a respected priest amongst the villagers in their community of West Java, Banten. (p. 7) 3. SL : Dan momen cinta seakan-akan selalu diselubungi oleh aura mistis dan gaib. (p. 11) TL : And the moment of love is surrounded by superstitions. (p. 8) 4. SL : Mungkin lemari antik itu juga dipenuhi oleh bubuk gaib sehingga dapat melindungi dirinya sendiri. (p. 74) TL : Maybe that antique drawer was filled with little black magic dust too. It could protect itself. (p. 52) If we see from the sentences, the passive constructions in Indonesian are marked by prefix di- + verb base + -i and in English those passive verbs are translated into be + past participle. Here all the passive constructions are formed through morphological process. The passive construction of sentence no. 1 ‘dinamai’ is translated in the form of lexis be (was) + past participle into ‘was named’ which can be categorized into locative verb. Locative verb is verb to indicate that the object is the place where the action occurs or the person or place to which the action is directed (Sneddon, 1996: 84). So the word ‘dinamai’ means to make a name for a new born baby. Because the action is directed at a person as participant, the baby is called the recipient. In sentence no. 2 the passive construction ‘dihormati’ is translated into be (was) + past participle’ ‘was a respected’. The word ‘dihormati’ verb can be categorized into locative verb because the object to which the action is directed is a person. So this person is the recipient. In sentence no. 3 ‘diselubungi’ is translated into be (is) + past participle ‘is surrounded’. The word ‘diselubungi’ can be categorized into causative verb because it means to make love surrounded by superstitions. Causative verbs indicate that the subject causes another person to carry out the action on the object. In sentence no. 4 ‘dipenuhi’ is translated into be (was) + past participle ‘was filled’ which can be categorized into causative verbs because it means making the drawer full with little black magic. Be (was) + past participle is used for the translation dinamai, dihormati, dipenuhi. This shows that the action is done in the past or it is already over. Here a matter of tense emerges. In Indonesian there is no tense, English language has various type of tenses. With reference to Catford’s theory of shift, level shift is, of course, applied here. The passive construction is applied since the passive construction of the source language happens in morphological level which is translated from grammar into lexis. Translating passive into passive is commonly applied by the translator. The translator applies literal translation since the translator thinks that it is the closest equivalent and natural in the target language. The most important thing is the meaning carried out by the target language is the same as that of the source language. Loss and gain of information cannot be avoided in interpreting a text. It depends on the culture of the target language itself and the style of the translator in translating the text. Translator adds information in order to emphasize an event or thing so it sounds more convincing. Meanwhile the omission of information may have been intended by the translator because it has been described or mentioned in the previous sentence. In sentence no. 1 there is omission of information which, according to the writer, needs to be written by the translator so the reader can get enough information and understand about the text. The name of ‘Putri Baluki’ in the SL is eliminated in the TL. It was said in this novel that when the grandmother of the writer was born, she was given the name ‘Putri Baluki’. This name was given by the priest because he saw that this child had a talent in painting. The name ‘Putri Baluki’ in English means ‘a painting princess’. So the real name of this child is ‘Putri Baluki’ and not ‘a painting princess’ as mentioned in the TL. In sentence no. 3 the phrase ‘oleh aura mistis dan gaib’ in SL is translated into ‘by superstition’ in TL. As for the translation procedure, the translator adopted the modulation process because there is a change in the point of view from SL to TL. May be the translator feels that the words ‘aura mistis dan gaib’ is not familiar in the target language so he changes this words into ‘superstition’ to make the reader understand the meaning of the sentence. 4.2.3 Di- + Verb Base + -kan as Indonesian Passive Construction A. Passive Identification In general, a transformation from active to passive has no effect on suffix kan, which are retained when an active verb is transformed into a passive. However, there are some cases in which their presence or absence differs between active and passive. With some verbs –kan is optional in active voice but obligatory in passive voice (Sneddon, 1996:252) From the description above, it can be obviously stated that the construction of di- + verb base + -kan in Indonesian can be categorized as one of the passive markers in Indonesian. Examples: 1. Sebenarnya, kata mbok bisa diartikan pula sebagai ‘ibu’ dalam masyarakat Jawa tradisional. (p. 2) 2. Bagaikan mahluk asing buatku. Seperti makanan aneh yang disodorkan dimuka begitu saja untuk ditelan dan dicerna. (p. 3) 3. Cinta yang telah diturunkan kepadaku melalui cerita-cerita nenek, ayah dan dongeng-dongeng keluarga kami lainnya. (p. 40) 4. Benda itu harus cukup kecil untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kulitmu dan ke dalam pembuluh darah. (p. 46) 5. Sakit yang hanya mampu disembuhkan oleh obat. (p. 77) 6. Ayah dilarikan ke rumah sakit setelah bertahun-tahun menderita diabetes. (p. 107) 7. Uang hanya akan memiliki nilai pada saat digunakan. (p. 151) All the examples above are absolutely passive sentences since they are all marked by passive construction di- + verb base + -kan. The verb construction with prefix di- in diartikan, disodorkan, diturunkan, dimasukkan, disembuhkan, dilarikan, digunakan in each example above is the marker of the passive. As we can analyze that the verbs of the passive construction above must have suffix –kan. In other words, the suffix –kan is an obligatory because it will be incorrect to have passive verb construction in Indonesian like: diarti, disodor, diturun, dimasuk, disembuh, dilari and diguna. So in order to make sense of the passive verb construction, suffix –kan is a must. On the other hand the suffix –kan is obligatory with some active verbs such as meninggalkan ‘leave’ become ditinggal(kan) ‘is left’ and memaksudkan ‘mean’ become dimaksud(kan) ‘is meant’, but can be omitted in the passive (Sneddon, 1996: 252) B. Translation Analysis Bell (1991: 6) stated that translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partial equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc.) and at different ranks (words- for words, phrase- for phrase, sentence- for sentence). To make it clear, let’s see the translation of the passive sentence in the source language to the target language. Examples: 1. SL : Sebenarnya, kata mbok bisa diartikan pula sebagai ‘ibu’ dalam masyarakat Jawa tradisional. (p. 2) TL : But the truth is, ‘mbok’ can be translated as ‘mother’ in native Javanese communities. (p. 2) 2. SL : Bagaikan mahluk asing buatku. Seperti makanan aneh yang disodorkan dimuka begitu saja untuk ditelan dan dicerna. (p. 3) TL : A rule is something like an alien to us. Something new that has been forced onto us to be understood and followed. (p. 3) 3. SL : Cinta yang telah diturunkan kepadaku melalui cerita-cerita nenek, ayah dan dongeng-dongeng keluarga kami lainnya. (p. 40) TL : The love that had been passed on to me by my grandma, my father and the rest of the facts in my family history. (p. 26) 4. SL : Benda itu harus cukup kecil untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kulitmu dan ke dalam pembuluh darah. (p. 46) TL : But it has to be small enough to be smuggled in into your body, underneath the skin n into your blood vessels. (p. 29) 5. SL : TL : 6. SL : Sakit yang hanya mampu disembuhkan oleh obat. (p. 77) A pain that can only be healed with a pain killer. (p. 54) Ayah dilarikan ke rumah sakit setelah bertahun-tahun menderita diabetes. (p. 107) TL : Father was sent to the hospital after years and years of being a diabetic. (p. 76) 7. SL : TL : Uang hanya akan memiliki nilai pada saat digunakan. (p. 151) Money can only have value if it is used. (p. 108) We can clearly observe that the passive construction in the source language are all constructed by morphological process, that is by attaching prefix di– to the verb base. The passive verb in sentence no. 1 ‘diartikan’ is translated into ‘be translated’, in sentence no. 2 ‘disodorkan’ is translated into ‘been forced’, in sentence no. 3 ‘diturunkan’ is translated into ‘been passed’, sentence no. 4 ‘dimasukkan’ is translated into ‘be smuggled’, in sentence no. 5 ‘disembuhkan’ is translated into ‘be healed’, in sentence no. 6 the passive construction ‘dilarikan’ is translated into be (was) + past participle ‘was sent’ and lastly in sentence no. 7 ‘digunakan’ is translated into be (is) + past participle ‘is used’. In passive sentence no. 3 the verb is changed by the additional of been, a form of the verb BE, which is added immediately after the verb. We can call this form of the verb BE the ‘passive auxiliary’. Be (was) + past participle is used as the translation of sentence no. 6 ‘dilarikan’. This shows that the process of sending ‘melarikan’ is in the past or already over. It is, indeed, a matter of tense in the target language while in Indonesian as the source language does not have any tenses at all. By considering theory from Catford concerning shift, we can see that level shift occurs in the process of translation from word into phrase. To make it clear, the passive construction in the source language appears in the level of morphology that is by attaching prefix di- and suffix kan-, whereas in the target language the passive conduction appears in the level of lexis, by applying the construction be + past participle. By translating passive into passive, the translator tries to maintain the naturalness of the source language text in the target language. Since the passive is translated into passive, we can obviously see that to translate sentences number 1, 3, 5 and 7, the translator translates the passive construction in Indonesian into English using the literal procedure while in sentences number 2, 4 and 6, the translator applies the modulation procedure, that is, by a change in the point of view. In sentence no. 2 there is change of point of view from plain meaning to hard one. In sentences no. 4 and no. 6 there is change of point of view from plain meaning to soft one. 4.2.4 Di- + per- + verb base + -i as Indonesian Passive Construction A. Passive Identification In his book, Sneddon (1996: 103) states that affixation per-…-i occurs with only a limited number of verbs; it is not productive. As stated before that all the passive constructions are derived from active sentences. The constructions of passive almost depend on their active constructions. It is already stated above that there are a number of verb bases that need suffix –i to be a verb form. According Sneddon, suffix -i has two major functions: to indicate that the object is the location of the action and to indicate repeated action. The most common function of suffix -i is to indicate that the object is the place where the action occurs or the person or place to which the action is directed. So in passivizing some active sentences, suffix -i is an obligatory. As stated by Alwi dkk (1998: 123-124) some verbs without suffix -i cannot formed a verb base. The combination of active sentence such as mem- + per- + verb base + -i is changed by attaching prefix di- + per- + verb base + -i to form passive constructions. Below is the example of passive construction which is marked by di+ per- + verb base + -i found in the source language text: Example: 1. Sekarang aku akan dikelurkan dari sekolah dengan nilai lima yang masih belum diperbaiki. (p. 102) In the passive construction above, we can easily identify that di- + per- and suffix –i is the marker of the passive construction and suffix -i is obligatory since in Indonesian there is no passive construction like: diperbaik. If the root of the verb is adjective like di- + per- + lebar in ‘diperlebar’, suffix-i is omitted because in Indonesian the word diperlebari sounds awkward. B. Translation Analysis Translating is a process of transferring the meaning to grabs the closest equivalence; the translator can even change the surface structure of the source language, the shift is quite possible to happen. To make it clear, below are the translations of the passive construction presented above. Example: 1. SL : Sekarang aku akan dikelurkan dari sekolah dengan nilai lima yang masih belum diperbaiki. (p. 102) TL : Not only was I kicked out from school, the D in my report card was still not fixed. (p. 72) Translating passive construction ‘diperbaiki’ into ‘was fixed’ is well accepted in English. If we closely look at the root of the verb diperbaiki is derived from the stem of word ‘baik’ that can be classified as an adjective. And was fixed is derived from the stem of word ‘fix’, that is, classified as verb. So the shifts occurring here are level shift and class shift. Level shift is applied when the source language item has a target language translation at a different linguistic level from its own (grammatical, lexical, etc.). Class shift occurs when a source language item is translated by means of a target language item belonging to a different grammatical class. So, the adjective word ‘baik’ in the SL becomes verb ‘fix’ in TL. 4.2.5 Di- + per- + verb base + -kan as Indonesian Passive Construction A. Passive Identification Sneddon (1996: 100 -102) clearly states that transitive verbs with affixation per-…-kan have several functions. If this affixation occurs with some adjective bases, they produce causative verbs like: ‘mempermalukan’ which means ‘to make a shame’. Another group of per-….-kan verbs indicate that the object is caused to perform the action of the corresponding intransitive verb like: ‘mempersatukan’ which means ‘to cause the object to unite’. Furthermore, he also stated that if we want to focus attention on this person or thing we make it the subject of the passive from of the verb. The construction is called a passive clause or is said to be in passive voice. The actor is expressed by an agent phrase which follows the passive verbs. It is also added that the passive construction is more frequent in Indonesian than in English. The passive conduction of active mem + per- + verb base + -kan is di- + per- + verb base + -kan as shown in the following examples: Example: 1. Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. Mungkin karena citra Banten yang sedemikian rupa itulah, kualitas keislaman kakek dipertanyakan oleh keluarga nenek. (p. 8 – 9) Seeing the construction of the verb formation above, it can be surely identified that prefix di- + per- and suffix –kan is the marker of the passive construction and suffix -kan is an obligatory in Indonesian since there is no passive construction ‘dipertanya’. B. Translation Analysis It is generally understood that the purpose of translating is to transfer the meaning of the source language into the target language, which is done by replacing the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure (Larson, 1998: 3). In doing translation we must study the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and cultural context of the source language in order to find the appropriate meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure in the target language and its cultural context. The following are the examples of the passive construction with di- + per- + verb base + –kan and its translation into English. Examples: 1. SL : Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. Mungkin karena citra Banten yang sedemikian rupa itulah, kualitas keislaman kakek dipertanyakan oleh keluarga nenek. (p. 8 – 9) TL : Banten, until today, is still believed to be the place where the most powerful black magic priests came from. Because of this, his ‘muslim quality’ was questioned. (p. 7) As frequently being stated above that in doing translation, shift is unavoidable, especially in translating passive construction in Indonesian into English. This is due to the reason that both languages belong to different language systems and both of them certainly have different structures and systems. The passive in Indonesian is formed by attaching di- + per- + verb base + –kan, meanwhile in English passive construction is formed by using be (was) + pas participle. It means that morphological process in Indonesian is transferred into lexical in English. Here, level shift happens. This is in accordance with the theory proposed by Nida and Taber (1974: 5) that to preserve the content of the massage the form must be changed. Moreover, they stated that if all languages differ in form, then quite naturally the forms must be altered if one is to preserve the content. As for the translation procedure, the literal procedure is applied since passive is translated into passive and the meaning of the passive verb is equivalent. 4.3 Passive Constructions without prefix diThere are also several variations of the passive constructions in Indonesian without prefix di-. It is only used for certain things, for example: to show any act or event that is not on purpose or unplanted. 4.3.1 Ter- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction A. Passive Identification Besides the prefix di-, the prefix ter- is also used to express the passive voice in Indonesian. The only difference between the two prefixes is that the sentence with the prefix ter- implies that the action is accidentally done (Fang, 1996: 230). Examples: 1. Betul, ia jg tertangkap hanya karena ia sedang berada di dalam rumah kami. (p. 41) 2. Tapi, dalam hal ini tubuhnya sudah kehilangan hak untuk menentukan hidup atau mati lagi karena jiwanya telah terjual. (p. 49) 3. Kami harus berbagi satu-satunya kamar mandi yang terhubung dengan kedua kamar tidur itu. (p. 85) 4. Satu lagi sebuah cerita cinta terbuka di depanku. (p. 89) A number of negated ter- verbs have English equivalents with un-/in-…..-able: 1. Ada banyak unsur ketidaksengajaan yang mampu mempersatukan 2 hati yang berbeda, dengan cara-cara yang tidah pernah terpikirkan sebelumnya oleh kita. (p.11) 2. Pertanyaan itu tak terjawab untuk waktu yang cukup lama.(p.91) The verbs tertangkap, terjual, terhubung, and terbuka clearly belong to passive construction. Those verbs in bold emphasizes the state of being indicated by the verb rather than the process indicated by the verb. The meanings of the verbs show the condition or state of being as the result of the action indicated by the verb. Alwi dkk. (1998: 131-132) state that prefix ter- conveys various of meaning: 1) to express the action done by the doer which is not on purpose, 2) can be done and this meaning is mostly proceeded by negative ‘tidak’ or ‘tak’ and 3) the action stated by the verbs is already obtained but the doer is not important. B. Translation Analysis Translating passive into passive is meant by the translator to keep the message and style of the source language to be rendered in the target language. By applying the same style and construction hopefully there will be no message or information will get lost or change. The following are the examples of the passive construction ter- + verb base in Indonesian and its translations into English. Examples: 1. SL : Betul, ia jg tertangkap hanya karena ia sedang berada di dalam rumah kami. (p. 41) TL : Yes he got picked up by the army just because he was in our house, getting some water to wash his food stall. (p. 19) 2. SL : Tapi, dalam hal ini tubuhnya sudah kehilangan hak untuk menentukan hidup atau mati lagi karena jiwanya telah terjual. (p. 49) TL : 3. SL : But his body had no more rights to decide. It had been sold. (p. 28) Kami harus berbagi satu-satunya kamar mandi yang terhubung dengan kedua kamar tidur itu. (p. 85) TL : We all share the one and only bathroom in the house which is connected to both bedrooms. (p. 32) 4. SL : TL : Satu lagi sebuah cerita cinta terbuka di depanku. (p. 89) One more chapter of love had been opened in front of me. (p. 59) As we can observe that in sentence no.1 the passive verb ‘tertangkap’ is translated into ‘got picked up’, in sentence no. 2 the passive verb ‘terjual’ is translated into ‘been sold’ since there is an auxiliary ‘had’, in sentence no. 3 the passive verb ‘terhubung’ is translated into ‘is connected’, and in sentence no. 4 the passive verb ‘terbuka’ is translated into ‘been opened’, since there is an auxiliary ‘had’. Looking at the procedure of translation, modulation is also applied since there is a change of point of view. The meaning of passive verbs ‘tertangkap’, ‘terjual’, ‘terhubung’ and ‘terbuka’ is different from the passive verbs ‘got picked up’, ‘been sold’, ‘is connected’ and ‘been opened’. In the SL, prefix ter- which is attached to verb base which means the action or event takes place unplanned or accidentally happens. But passive verbs in the TL show that the action or event is on purpose or has been planned. So the actions or events seem to occur accidentally in the SL but deliberately take place in the TL. Passive verb in sentence no. 1 applied modulation process, that is, the change in the point of view from plain to soft one. The verbs in sentence no. 2, 3 and 4 applied literal translation procedure which is adopted by the translator in order to maintain the meaning of the passive of the source language in the target language. Shift certainly appears here since the Indonesian verbs tertangkap, terjual, terhubung and terbuka belong to the domain of morphology. The verbs are all formed through morphological process, that is, by attaching the prefix ter- to the verb base, whereas in English: got picked up, been sold, is connected and been opened belong to the domain of syntax. Again there is a level shift. From the translation process, intra-system shift occurs because the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target language system – this is regardless of whether the source language and target language possess systems which approximately correspond formally. As for the loss and gain of information, the only gain of information can be identified. It is shown in sentence no.1, where the translator added the phrase ‘the army’. Here the translator wants to emphasize that the doer is important, and the translator wants to tell the readers that the army arrested him because he was in the house getting some water to wash his food stall. A number of negated ter- verbs have English equivalents with un-/in-…..-able: 1. SL : Ada banyak unsur ketidaksengajaan yang mampu mempersatukan 2 hati yang berbeda, dengan cara-cara yang tidah pernah terpikirkan sebelumnya oleh kita. (p.11) TL : There were a lot of coincidences that brought 2 hearts together in very unthinkable ways. (p.64) 2. SL : TL : Pertanyaan itu tak terjawab untuk waktu yang cukup lama.(p.91) The question was left unanswered for a very long time. (p.63) The phrase tidak pernah terpikirkan and tak terjawab in Indonesian are translated into word unthinkable and unanswered in English. In sentence no. 1 the phrase tidak pernah terpikirkan is translated into unthinkable. The word ‘tidak’ which is translated into prefix ‘un-‘, while the word ‘pernah’ is translated into suffix ‘-able’. From this analysis we can see that unit shift occurs, that is, changing the form from phrase to word. In sentence no. 2, unit shift also occurs because the form changes, that is, from phrase to word. As the general types of translation, the translator applied modified literal translation, that is, modify the order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. However, the lexical items are translated literally. In a modified literal translation, the translator usually adjusts the translation enough to avoid real nonsense and wrong meanings, but the unnaturalness still remains (Larson, 1998: 18). 4.3.2 Ber- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction A. Passive Identification According to Fang in his book, Indonesian Grammar Made Easy (1996: 232) there is another type of passive construction beside prefix di– and prefix ter-, that is, prefix ber-. In Indonesian the prefix ber- is also used to express the passive voice. Below are the examples of passive constructions marked by prefix ber-: Examples: 1. Semua teoriku itu berdasarkan semua cerita yang aku dengar dari nenekku. (p.16) 2. Aku tidak berencana menjadi tentara dan maju ke medan perang, jadi aku tidak harus berlatih menyembuhkan ketakutanku akan darah dan sejenisnya. (p. 96). As we can observe from the two sentences above that the passive verb in sentence no. 1 is marked by prefix ber- + verb base + -kan, sentence no. 2 is marked by prefix ber- + verb base. Passive verb berdasarkan has the same meaning as didasarkan and the passive verb berlatih has the same meaning as dilatih. B. Translation Analysis Nida (1974: 12) states that translating must aim primarily at reproducing the message. But to reproduce the message one must make a good grammatical and lexical adjustment. This understanding of translation means that the forms can change whenever necessary but the meaning must be well carried out in the target language. The following are the translation of the passive constructions marked by ber- + verb base: Examples: 1. SL : Semua teoriku itu berdasarkan semua cerita yang aku dengar dari nenekku. (p.16) TL : Well, my theory was merely based on the tales I heard from grandma. (p.11) 2. SL : Aku tidak berencana menjadi tentara dan maju ke medan perang, jadi aku tidak harus berlatih menyembuhkan ketakutanku akan darah dan sejenisnya. (p. 96). TL : I was not planning to join the army or go to war so I didn’t have to be trained to get used to blood or overcome my fear of blood. (p. 67) In sentence no. 1 the passive construction ber- + dasar + kan is translated into be (was) + based (on), whereas in sentence no. 2 the passive construction ber+ latih is translated into be + trained. From this analysis we can see that level shift occurs, that is, changing the form from morphology to syntax. In translating passive into passive the translator uses literal procedure in accordance with the theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, that literal translation is direct transfer of the SL text into grammatical and idiomatically appropriate of the TL text. 4.4 Passive into Active As already been discussed before, that passive is frequently translated into passive. However in some cases passive can also be translated into an active sentence. This is done because the translator wants to reproduce the same meaning of the source language even though there the translator needs to change the form of the sentence in the target language. Below are some examples of data of passive constructions in Indonesian which are translated into active in English. Examples: 1. SL : TL : 2. SL : Ini bisa dikatakan sebagai sebuah keajaiban. (p. 15) It sounds like a miracle. (p. 11) Seperti itu jugalah kehidupan ayahku. Demi cinta, Ayah rela ditunggagi ibu. (p. 193) TL : That’s how my father lived too. For the sake of love, he let my mother ride him. (p. 141) 3. SL : Adikku harus segera dilahirkan karena tali pusarnya membelit leher mungilnya dan hampir mencekiknya. (p. 36) TL : She had some complications, so they had to do a C-section to get my sister out. (p. 24) All the bold type in the source language verbs above are passive because they are characterized by prefix di– and they are translated into active. Translating passive into active normally happens when the translator thinks that it is the closest and natural equivalence for the target language. This phenomenon is also implicitly supported by Nida (1974: 12) that to reproduce the message one must make a good grammatical and lexical adjustment. Larson (1984:3) also adds that in doing translation, the meaning is being transferred and must be held constantly and only the form changes. To make the analysis systematic, the examples above will be discussed one by one as follows: 1. SL : TL : Ini bisa dikatakan sebagai sebuah keajaiban. (p. 15) It sounds like a miracle. (p. 11) In sentence no.1 passive ‘dikatakan’ is translated into ‘sounds’. Looking at the translation procedure proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000: 86) the modulation procedure is used by the translator that is varying the form of language, obtained by a change in the point of view. Passive verb normally emphasizes the action indicated by the verb whereas active verb normally emphasizes the doer of the action indicated by the verb. In detailed description, we can see that the passive ‘dikatakan’ is derived from the word ‘kata’ characterized by passive marker di- and suffix –kan, and in English the verb base is ‘sound’, the ‘s’ in the end of this word is used because the subject is singular noun ‘it’. Here class shift also occurs from verb ‘dikatakan’ into noun ‘sounds’. 2. SL : Seperti itu jugalah kehidupan ayahku. Demi cinta, Ayah rela ditunggagi ibu. (p. 193) TL : That’s how my father lived too. For the sake of love, he let my mother ride him. (p. 141) In sentence no. 2, the passive verb ‘ditunggangi’ is translated into active verb ‘ride’. The methodology of translation applies in the verb is equivalence, that is, the same situation which can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistic and structure method. For the process of translation, the translator applied modified literal translation here in order to modify the order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in the receptor language. However, the lexical items are translated literally. There is changing of structure from SL to TL. In SL the form of the sentence is passive voice but it is translated into active by the translator in order to keep the message and to keep the naturalness. It is usually called structure shift that is involving a change in grammatical structure between source text and target text 3. SL : Adikku harus segera dilahirkan karena tali pusarnya membelit leher mungilnya dan hampir mencekiknya. (p. 36) TL : She had some complications, so they had to do a C-section to get my sister out. (p. 24) In sentence no. 3, the passive verb ‘dilahirkan’ is translated into phrase ‘(to) get my sister out’. Looking at the translation procedure proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti 2000: 86), there is an instance of modulation, namely the change in point of view from passive to active. In detailed description, we can see that the passive verb ‘dilahirkan’ which is derived from prefix di- + lahir + –kan, is a form of word. Whereas in English it is translated into phrase ‘(to) get my sister our’, so level shift applied in the verb, that is, from morphology into lexical. Addition of information also occurs in this sentence. In Indonesian the word ‘adikku’ is translated into ‘she’ in English, so there is addition of information here. The word ‘adikku’ is categorized as general and not indicating whether the person is male or female, whereas the word ‘she’ is specific in English indicating that the subject is a female. In English ‘she’ is used when the subject is female and ‘he’ for male. So there is specific information on the target language. The word ‘they’ in TL is also categorized as an addition of information. ‘they’ here refers to a group of people who have done a C-section to get out the baby, whereas in SL there is no information about who will do the surgery. Looking at the translation procedure proposed by Vinay and Darbalnet (in Venuti, 2000: 93) there is a transposition of work. They state that transposition is replacing one word class with another without changing the massage. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion Based on the analysis in the previous chapter about Indonesian passive constructions and their translations into English found in novel “Cerita dalam Keheningan” by Zara Zettira ZR and translated into “Every Silence has a Story” by Ronaldo, some conclusions can be drawn as follows: 1. There are eight forms of passive constructions in Indonesian found in the novel. These forms are: di- + verb base, di- + verb base + -i, di- + verb base + -kan, di- + per + verb base + -i , di- + per- + verb base + -kan, ter- + verb base, ber- + verb base and passive translated into active. 2) The form of Indonesian passive constructions such as di- + verb base, ter- + verb base and ber- + verb base are not affected by time, it can be used whether in the past or future. Whereas in English, time (future or past) is important in forming sentence and usually it is called tense. The form of prefix di-, ter- and ber- in Indonesian can be translated in English into to be (is, am, are, was, were) + past participle , modal (will, can, shall, would, could, should) + be + past participle, and have/has + been + past participle. 3) Prefix di- emphasizes more about the process of the action indicated by the verb. Prefix ter- implies the actions are accidentally done or not on purpose. And prefix ber- indicates that the subject of the sentence is a person or something indicated by an action in that sentence. 4) Most passive constructions are translated more frequently into passive in English to keep the style of the source language. It is not easy to move in the opposite direction, from passive to active construction. The difficulty is that the passive construction is more restricted than the active. There are verbs, which do not occur in passive sentences such as RESEMBLE, WEIGH (Five stones) and COST (Ten pounds). Modulation process and level shifts are most frequently applied by the translator. Passive is translated into active when the translator wants to keep the massage in the target language. 5.2 Suggestion Indonesian passive constructions have various functions therefore they have several of meanings. From the translation point of view, it is interesting to see the various equivalence of passive construction from Indonesian to English. By studying these various functions and their equivalents one can get better understanding about the Indonesian passive construction employed in the text. And in doing the translation, the meaning is the kingpin, so it must be well transferred to the target language. In order to be able to translate a passive construction from Indonesian into English, one must first be able to grasp the meaning of the full sentence. The knowledge of passive construction is just one of much basic knowledge which is needed. There are still more to learn. The translators are advised to minimize the information when translating a text from SL into TL. This can cause readers confused or not really understand the contain of the story or message that want to be conveyed by the writer. Addition of information which is used to give emphasis on the storyline is allowed but still in line of the story and does not change the essence of the story. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alwi, Hasan. dkk. 1998. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia – Edisi Ketiga. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Arsa, I Dewa Putu. 2005. “Indonesian Passive Constructions and Their Equivalence in English Found in Collective Labour Agreement”. (Thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University. Baker, Mona. 1991. In Other Words – A course book on translation. London and New York: Routledge. Bybee, Joan L. 1985. MORPHOLOGY – A Study of the Relation Between Meaning and Form. Amsterdam: Jon Benjamins Publishing Company. Brown, Keith and Miller, Jim. 1991. Syntax: A Linguistic Introduction to Sentence Structure, Second Edition. London and New York: Routledge. Catford, J.C. 1965. A Luingistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press. Deterding, David H. and Poedjosoedarmo, Gloria R. 2001. Grammar of English – Morphology and Syntax for English Teachers in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Prentice Hall. Fang, Dr. Liaw Yock. 1996. Indonesian Grammar Made Easy. Singapore : Times Edition PTE. LTD. Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian. 1997. The Translator as Communicator. London: Routledge. Hatim, Basil and Munday, Jeremy. 2004. Translation – An advanced resource book. London: Routledge. Larson, Mildred L. I998. Meaning Based Translation – Guide to Cross-language Equivalence. New York: University Press. Nida, Eugene. 2000. ‘Principle of Correspondence’ in Venuti (ed.) The Translation Studies Readers. New York: Routledge. Margono. 2000. Struktur Pasif dan Verba Berakhiran –ING dalam berbahasa Inggris. Denpasar: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana. Perez, C. A., Passive Voice is a Good Choice over Active Voice - 3 Reasons Why. October]. Available from: [Cited 2010, 10th http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=C._A._Perez Putra, I Ketut. 2004. “Translating Into Indonesian The Function of -Ing Suffix in The Novel “Bloodline”. (Thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University Quirk, Randolph. 1987. Dictionary of Contemporary English. London: Longman. Quirk, Randolph. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. England: Pearson Education Limited. Ronaldo. 2008. Every Silence has a Story. Jakarta: Esensi, Erlangga Publishing. Shopen, Timothy. 1985. Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sneddon, James Neil.1996. Indonesian Reference Grammar. Singapore: South Wind Production. Sujaya, I Nvoman. 2003. “Skewing In English-Indonesian Translation”. (Thesis). Denpasar: Udayana University. Thomson and Martinet. 1986. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford: University Press. Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. New York: Routledge. Vinay, Jean Paul and Jean Darbelnet. 2000. A Methodology for Translation in Venuti ( ed. The Translation Studies Reader). New York: Routledge. ZR, Zara Zetira. 2008. Cerita dalam Keheningan. Jakarta: Esensi, Erlangga Publishing. APPENDIX A. Passive Construction with prefix di- + verb base 1. SL : Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. (p. 8) TL : Banten, until today, is still believed to be the place where the most powerful black magic priests came from. (p. 7) 2. SL : Atau seorang anak perempuan bernama Aniko akan dipanggil Anika jika ia memang cantik dan anggun tentunya. (p. 20) TL : Or a girl named Aniko will be called Anika if she is too damned cute, of course. (p. 14) 3. SL : Orang Indonesia sangat percaya bahwa nama seseorang dapat mendatangkan keberuntungan. Oleh karenanya, sebuah nama dipilih dengan sangat hati-hati. (p. 27) TL : Indonesians believe that names can bring luck. So names were picked carefully. (p. 18) 4. SL : Mereka akan memastikan bahwa anak-anak mereka, cucu-cucu mereka, dan generasi muda mereka memperoleh pendidikan seperti mereka, pasa pendahulu generasi. Tradisi itu pantang untuk diubah, bahkan saat dunia ini semakin modern. (p. 28) TL : They have to makes sure that their kids, their grandchildren and their young generations will learn as ‘proper’ as the elderly. Nothing should be changed. Nothing at all. Even if the world becomes more and more modern. (p. 19) 5. SL : Paman-pamanku, para pembantu laki-laki, dan semua laki-laki di rumahku dibawa oleh para tentara itu. (p.34). TL : My uncles and our house bots, all the males in the family, were taken. (p. 23) 6. SL : TL : Pikiran dapat dikuras habis lewat tulisan. (p. 55) Thoughts can be drained out through writing. (p. 37) B. Passive Construction with prefix di- + verb base + -i 1. SL : Katanya, saat lahir, ia dinamai “Putri Baluki” atau dalam bahasa Indo berarti: “Putri yang Melukis”. (p. 7) TL : 2. SL : She was named ‘a painting princess’ when she was born. (p. 6) Kendati demikian, sebenarnya beliau lahir dari keluarga ulama yang pada zamannya cukup dihormati di Banten, Jawa Barat. (p. 8) TL : They are also considered workers, even though his father was a respected priest amongst the villagers in their community of West Java, Banten. (p. 7) 3. SL : Dan momen cinta seakan-akan selalu diselubungi oleh aura mistis dan gaib. (p. 11) TL : 4. SL : And the moment of love is surrounded by superstitions. (p. 8) Mungkin lemari antik itu juga dipenuhi oleh bubuk gaib sehingga dapat melindungi dirinya sendiri. (p. 74) TL : Maybe that antique drawer was filled with little black magic dust too. It could protect itself. (p. 52) C. Passive Construction with prefix di- + verb base + -kan 1. SL : Sebenarnya, kata mbok bisa diartikan pula sebagai ‘ibu’ dalam masyarakat Jawa tradisional. (p. 2) TL : But the truth is, ‘mbok’ can be translated as ‘mother’ in native Javanese communities. (p. 2) 2. SL : Bagaikan mahluk asing buatku. Seperti makanan aneh yang disodorkan dimuka begitu saja untuk ditelan dan dicerna. (p. 3) TL : A rule is something like an alien to us. Something new that has been forced onto us to be understood and followed. (p. 3) 3. SL : Cinta yang telah diturunkan kepadaku melalui cerita-cerita nenek, ayah dan dongeng-dongeng keluarga kami lainnya. (p. 40) TL : The love that had been passed on to me by my grandma, my father and the rest of the facts in my family history. (p. 26) 4. SL : Benda itu harus cukup kecil untuk dimasukkan ke dalam kulitmu dan ke dalam pembuluh darah. (p. 46) TL : But it has to be small enough to be smuggled in into your body, underneath the skin n into your blood vessels. (p. 29) 5. SL : TL : 6. SL : Sakit yang hanya mampu disembuhkan oleh obat. (p. 77) A pain that can only be healed with a pain killer. (p. 54) Ayah dilarikan ke rumah sakit setelah bertahun-tahun menderita diabetes. (p. 107) TL : Father was sent to the hospital after years and years of being a diabetic. (p. 76) 7. SL : Uang hanya akan memiliki nilai pada saat digunakan. (p. 151) TL : Money can only have value if it is used. (p. 108) D. Passive Construction with prefix di- + per- + verb base + -i 1. SL : Sekarang aku akan dikelurkan dari sekolah dengan nilai lima yang masih belum diperbaiki. (p. 102) TL : Not only was I kicked out from school, the D in my report card was still not fixed. (p. 72) E. Passive Construction with prefix di- + per- + verb base + -kan 1. SL : Banten, bahkan sampai saat ini, masih dianggap sebagai tempat di mana mistik atau ilmu hitam berasal. Mungkin karena citra Banten yang sedemikian rupa itulah, kualitas keislaman kakek dipertanyakan oleh keluarga nenek. (p. 8 – 9) TL : Banten, until today, is still believed to be the place where the most powerful black magic priests came from. Because of this, his ‘muslim quality’ was questioned. (p. 7) F. Passive Construction with prefix ter- + verb base 1. SL : Betul, ia jg tertangkap hanya karena ia sedang berada di dalam rumah kami. (p. 41) TL : Yes he got picked up by the army just because he was in our house, getting some water to wash his food stall. (p. 19) 2. SL : Tapi, dalam hal ini tubuhnya sudah kehilangan hak untuk menentukan hidup atau mati lagi karena jiwanya telah terjual. (p. 49) TL : But his body had no more rights to decide. It had been sold. (p. 28) 3. SL : Kami harus berbagi satu-satunya kamar mandi yang terhubung dengan kedua kamar tidur itu. (p. 85) TL : We all share the one and only bathroom in the house which is connected to both bedrooms. (p. 32) 4. SL : TL : Satu lagi sebuah cerita cinta terbuka di depanku. (p. 89) One more chapter of love had been opened in front of me. (p. 59) A number of negated ter- verbs have English equivalents with un-/in-…..-able: 1. SL : Ada banyak unsur ketidaksengajaan yang mampu mempersatukan 2 hati yang berbeda, dengan cara-cara yang tidah pernah terpikirkan sebelumnya oleh kita. (p.11) TL : There were a lot of coincidences that brought 2 hearts together in very unthinkable ways. (p.64) 2. SL : TL : Pertanyaan itu tak terjawab untuk waktu yang cukup lama.(p.91) The question was left unanswered for a very long time. (p.63) F. Passive Construction with prefix ber- + verb base 1. SL : Semua teoriku itu berdasarkan semua cerita yang aku dengar dari nenekku. (p.16) TL : Well, my theory was merely based on the tales I heard from grandma. (p.11) 2. SL : Aku tidak berencana menjadi tentara dan maju ke medan perang, jadi aku tidak harus berlatih menyembuhkan ketakutanku akan darah dan sejenisnya. (p. 96). TL : I was not planning to join the army or go to war so I didn’t have to be trained to get used to blood or overcome my fear of blood. (p. 67) G. Passive translated into active 1. SL : TL : 2. SL : Ini bisa dikatakan sebagai sebuah keajaiban. (p. 15) It sounds like a miracle. (p. 11) Seperti itu jugalah kehidupan ayahku. Demi cinta, Ayah rela ditunggagi ibu. (p. 193) TL : That’s how my father lived too. For the sake of love, he let my mother ride him. (p. 141) 3. SL : Adikku harus segera dilahirkan karena tali pusarnya membelit leher mungilnya dan hampir mencekiknya. (p. 36) TL : She had some complications, so they had to do a C-section to get my sister out. (p. 24)