Download pembaruan islam - Muhammad Rofiq

ISLAMIC RENEWAL IN THE
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN
PERIOD:
IBN TAIMIYYAH AND
MUHAMMAD ABDUH
Muhammad Rofiq
‫التجديد اإلسالمى‬
‫فى فكر ابن تيمية و محمد عبده‬
‫محمد رفيق‬
PEMBARUAN ISLAM
IBNU TAIMIYAH
DAN
MUHAMMAD ABDUH
Muhammad Rofiq Muzakkir
BEBERAPA TERMINOLOGI
 Bidah : perbuatan yang dikerjakan tidak menurut contoh yang
sudah ditetapkan, baik dengan menambah atau mengurangi.
 Takhayul : kepercayaan kepada sesuatu yang sakti, padahal
sebenarnya tidak ada.
 Khurafat : dongeng (ajaran) yang tidak masuk akal.
 Ijtihad : usaha sungguh-sungguh yang dilakukan oleh para
ahli agama untuk mencapai putusan hukum syarak mengenai
kasus yang penyelesaiannya belum tertera di Alquran dan
Sunah.
 Taklid : kepercayaan kepada suatu paham ahli hukum yang
sudah-sudah tanpa mengetahui dasar atau alasannya;
peniruan.
SOME TERMINOLOGIES
 Bidah (heresy) means something that has been introduced
into the religion of Allah that has no general or specific basis
to support it, whether by reducing or adding something to
islamic teaching.
 Takhayyul : superstition
 Ijtihad is a serious ef fort performed by an expert in islamic
law to find the islamic verdict/view of certain cases that are
not addressed directly in Quran and Sunnah.
 Taqlid : following the decisions of a religious expert without
necessarily examining the scriptural basis or reasoning of that
decision, such as accepting and following the verdict of
scholars of jurisprudence (fiqh) without demanding an
explanation of the processes by which they arrive at it
ABAD KE-13
(ABAD KEMUNDURAN)
 Kerajaan Islam di Andalusia jatuh ke tangan Nasrani ( 1213 M)
 Dinasti Abasiyah di Baghdad runtuh akibat serangan Bangsa
Mongol (1258 M)
 Despotisme para penguasa
 Tauhid terselubungi khurafat
 Tertutupnya pintu ijtihad
13TH CENTURY
(THE DECLINE PERIOD OF ISLAM)
 The fall of Islamic Caliphate in Andalusia
 Abbasid Caliphate (Khilafah Abbasiyah) in Baghdad was
devastated by Mongolian troops
 The claim of closing of ijtihad gate/the call for taqlid
 The widespread of religious innovation (bidah)
 krisis secara akidah
 merosot secara moral
 lemah secara politik
 jumud secara pemikiran
CONDITION OF MUSLIM SOCIETIES
IN 13TH CENTURY
Creed crisis
Morality decline
Weak in politics
Stagnation in islamic thought
IBNU TAIMIYAH
(661 -728 H/
1263-1328 M)
“Ibn Taimiyyah contributed greatly during the Thirteenth Century
to a wide range of intellectual and political issues confronting
the Muslims during the tumultuous period of Mongol destruction
of Muslim lands”.
“is a renowned scholar of Islam whose infleunce was felt not
only during his lifetime but extended through the centuries until
the present day”
“Ibn Taimiyah was, by almost universal consensus, one of the
most original and systematic thinkers in the history of Islam”
BIOGRAFI SINGKAT
 Lahir di Harran Syiria 1263 H/1328
 Menyaksikan kedatangan Bangsa Mongol
 Kepakaran : Fiqh (Islamic Law), Hadith, Aqidah (Islamic
Creed), Ushul Fiqh (The Theory of Islamic Law), Philosophy,
Astronomy.
 Dipenjara berkali-kali karena ide-ide pembaruannya
 Menolak tawassul : berdoa dengan perantara wali (orang soleh yang
sudah wafat)
 Menolak pemujaan terhadap makam para wali
BRIEF BIOGRAPHY
 Born in Harran, Syiria in 1263 H/1328
 Witnessed the Mongol invasian
 Expertise : Fiqh (Islamic Law), Hadith, Aqidah (Islamic Creed),
Ushul Fiqh (The Theory of Islamic Law), Philosophy,
Astronomy.
 Imprisoned several times due to his renewal thought, such as
 Refusing tawassul (prayer toward god through saint)
 Refusing special journey to visiting tombs : he condemned the cult of
saints
PEMBARUAN IBN TAIMIYAH
 Memurnikan agama Islam. Menentang bid ’ah, takhayul dan
khurafat.
 Mengkritik praktek para sufi yang melakukan ziarah ke kuburan
secara berlebihan.
 Mendorong umat Islam berijtihad.
 Menolak taklid
REFORMATION OF IBN TAIMIYAH
Purifiying Islam, against religious
innovation (bidah).
Encouraging Ijtihad to be performed
Refusing taqlid (imitation)
SOME WORKS OF IBNU TAIMIYAH
 ‫مجموعة الفتاوى‬
(A Great Compilation of Fatwa)
 ‫الرد على المنطيقين‬
(The Reputation of the Logicians)
 ‫منهاج السنة‬
(The Way of the Prophet’s Sunna)
 ‫العقيدة الواسطية‬
(The Creed of People from Washit)
MUHAMMAD ABDUH
PIONEER OF ISLAMIC MODERNISM
THE PROBLEMS FACED
BY ISLAMIC WORLD IN
20TH CENTURY
COLONIALISM BY EUROPIAN COUNTRY
INTELLECTUAL STAGNATION/
WIDESPREAD OF IMITATION
DESPOTISM OF RULER
BIOGRAFI MUHAMMAD ABDUH
(1849-1905)






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Belajar di Universitas al - Azhar
Bertemu dengan Jamaluddin al - Afghani
Terlibat pemberontakan menentang penguasa Mesir
Diasingkan ke Beirut
Pergi ke Perancis
Menerbitkan majalah al-Ur watul Wutsqa
Memulai halaqah tafsir al-Manar dan menulis Risalah alTauhid di Beirut
 Kembali ke Mesir dan menjadi Mufti
 Memilih jalur pendidikan dan keagamaan ( al-tanwir al-tsaqafi
wa al-ishlah al-dini)
BIOGRAPHY OF MUHAMMAD ABDUH
(1849-1905)
 Formal education in Al - Azhar University
 Meet an influencial figure, Jamaluddin al - Afghani
 Played an important role in people revolt against Egyptian
ruler
 Sent to exile in Beirut
 Went to France and saw developed civilization
“ I went to the West and saw Islam, but no Muslims; I got back to the East
and saw Muslims, but not Islam”.
 Published al-Ur watul Wutsqa (a revolutionary magazine)
 Interpreted al-Quran and wrote Risalah Tauhid
 Back to Egypt and appointed as mufty
 Choose education and religious renewal as the means to
make reformation in Egypt
KARAKTERISTIK PEMBARUAN ABDUH
 Rationality / apresiatif terhadap peran akal
 Membentengi Islam dari westernisasi
 Purifikasi (pemurnian) Islam dari takhayul, bidah dan
khurafat
 Back to Quran and Sunnah
CHARACTERISTIC OF ABDUH’S THOUGHT
 Rationality  appreciating the supremacy of intellect
 Purifying Islam from heresy and superstition
 Back to Quran and Sunnah
SALURAN PEMBARUAN MUHAMMAD ABDUH
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
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Penafsiran al-Quran
Reformasi pendidikan al - Azhar
Mendirikan lembaga dan yayasan sosial
Mendidik sarjana-sarjana muslim
Al-Azhar University
THE MEANS OF REFORMATION
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


Interpreting the holy Quran
Educational reform
Establishing social movement
Teaching pupils
Prominent pupils:
- Muhammad Rasyid Ridha
- Mustafha al-Maraghi
- Qasim Amin
Al-Azhar University
ASSIGNMENT FOR THE NEXT MEETING
What is the condition or characteristic of
Moslem Society in Indonesia in the
Beginning of 20th Century ?
Write down your answer in a piece of paper.