Download Exam 2 Review

11/10/2011
QuickSummary
• Intro to S&P
• Information Processing
• Bottom‐Up Processing
• Top‐Down Processing
• Psychophysics
• Sensation Thresholds
• Sensory Adaptation
Exam #2 Review
PSYC&100
VisionSummary
Visionsofar…
• Vision: The Stimulus
• Vision: The Sense Organ
• Visual Processing
• Color Vision
• Vision: The Stimulus
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Hue & Brightness
• Vision: The Sense Organ
• Visual Processing
• Color Vision
• Form Perception
• Figure/Ground
• Grouping
• Trichromatic Theory
• Opponent Process
• Depth Perception
• Visual cliffs
• Vision Effects
•
•
•
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Phi Phenomena
Motion Blindness
Lightness Constancy
Hermann Grid
• Vision Effects • (visual perception)
AuditionSummary
• Audition: The Stimulus
• Sound waves
• Frequency
• Amplitude
• Decibel
• Auditory
• Processing
Summary: Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

James Watson
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Stages

Classical Conditioning: Applications
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Definition of terms (UCS, CS, UCR, CR)
Pavlov’s dogs
Baby Albert Experiment
Advertising (examples)
Acquisition & Extinction
Stimulus Generalization & Discrimination
Drug abuse
Exposure therapies
Immune system drugs
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Summary: Schedules of rein.
Reinforcement & Punishment: Summary
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
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Reinforcement: increases frequency of behavior

Positive: Adding a pleasant stimulus
 Negative: Removing an unpleasant stimulus
 Primary & secondary

reinforcers

Add
stimulus
Punishment: decreases
 frequency of behavior



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Remove
stimulus
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous
Partial/Intermittent
Fixed
Strengthen Behavior
Weaken Behavior
+ Reinforcement
+ Punishment
Add pleasant
Add unpleasant
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
Remove unpleasant
Remove pleasant
Ratio
Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
Variable


Shaping and Differential
Reinforcement
Positive: Adding an unpleasant stimulus
Negative: Removing a pleasant stimulus
Observational Learning:
Summary

Overview of Observational Learning
Modeling
Mirror

Albert Bandura
Bobo

Neurons
Memory Components: Summary
•Sensory Memory: Iconic & Echoic
•Working Memory
•Short Term Memory
•Long Term Memory
Doll Experiments
Implications of observational learning
Encoding: Summary
•Routes to encoding (automatic & effortful)
•Importance of rehearsal in encoding
•Influences on encoding
–Serial Position Effect
–Meaning
–Mental Imagery
–Spacing Effect
–Chunking
Memory Storage: Summary
•Is the brain’s storage capacity limited? - No
•What information gets stored?
–Only important information
–Implicit and explicit memories
•How is memory stored?
–Synaptic changes and
• neural pathways
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Memory Retrieval: Summary
Forgetting: Summary
•Ebbinhaus’s “Forgetting
Curve”
•Forgetting as memory
•Recall & Recognition
failure
•Context Effects
–Encoding failure
–Retrieval failure
–Interference
–Godden & Badley (1975)
–State-Dependent Memory
–Mood-Dependent Memory
•Proactive & Retroactive
Interference
•Amnesia
–Clive Wearing
Prenatal Summary
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Development: Summary so far…
Prenatal Development
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Germinal Stage
Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage
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Prenatal Development
Infancy and Childhood
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Motor Development
Brain Development
Cognitive Development

Piaget’s Theory
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Some Definitions
•
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Sex
• Socializing agents
•
• Methods of socialization
Biological category based on chromosomes, hormones, & genitals
Gender
•
•
Constructing the Schema
Psychologically, socially, and culturally based categories for girls/boys and women/men
Gender Stereotypes
•
Organized, widely shared sets of beliefs about the characteristics of females and males (Matlin, 2004)
Modeling
• Agent demonstrates behaviors that child observes
• Enactive experience
• Reward or punishment for pre‐ or pro‐scribed behaviors
• Direct tutoring
• Telling children what is expected of them
• How have you experienced these methods?
•
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QuickRecap
QuickRecap
• You are hiking and your friend points out a rock formation and says it looks like camels kissing. You look and look, but only see brownish rocks. What processing are you using?
• Hue or color is determined by
•
•
•
•
• Bottom up
A. Amplitude
B. Wavelength
C. Strength
D. Intensity
• What processing is your friend using?
• Top down
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QuickRecap
QuickRecap
• Some people see a moth and others see heads and hands in the adjacent picture. This exemplifies:
• Which structure in the eye has sense receptors for light?
•
•
•
•
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A. Cornea
B. Iris
C. Lens
D. Retina
•
•
•
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A. phi phenomenon
B. motion blindness
C. lightness constancy
D. figure/ground
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QuickRecap
QuickRecap
• Infants’ ability to perceive depth has been tested with •
•
•
•
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• Which is NOT one of the visual effects we discussed?
A. context effects.
B. the visual cliff.
C. monocular cues.
D. binocular cues.
•
•
•
•
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A. Closure
B. Motion after effect
C. Change blindness
D. Phi phenomenon
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Quick Recap
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Quick Recap
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Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had gone
bad after being in the sun too long. Not long after
eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and felt
awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich
caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this scenario, what
is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
A) Tuna
B) Nausea
C) Bad mayonnaise
D) Sight of any sandwich
Martin likes to shower in the men’s locker room after
working out. During a shower he hears a toilet flushing
nearby. Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the
showerhead, causing Martin serious discomfort. Later on
in the shower, he hears another toilet flush and he
immediately jumps out from under the showerhead. In
this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Quick Recap
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jumping out of the shower
sound of the toilet flushing
men’s locker room
boiling hot water
Quick Recap
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Watson conditioned Baby Albert to fear white
rabbits by pairing rabbits with a long banging
noise. After time, Baby Albert also began to fear
Watson’s white beard. This is an example of:
After getting ill from eating her friend’s Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia
couldn’t stand the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her friend
baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it sounded good. This
illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
generalization.
discrimination.
extinction.
acquisition.
Quick Recap
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generalization.
discrimination.
extinction.
acquisition.
Quick Recap
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
For some children who bite themselves or bang their heads,
squirting water into their faces when they hurt themselves has
been observed to decrease the frequency of these self-abusive
behaviors. This best illustrates the potential value of:

In ________, a response is strengthened to
avoid something unpleasant.





A.
B.
C.
D.
punishment.
conditioned reinforcers.
negative reinforcers.
latent learning.
A)
punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) partial reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement
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Quick Recap
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Quick Recap
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Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every four
pianos he tunes. He is on a _________
schedule of reinforcement.

A.
B.
C.
D.





If you want to teach a pigeon to eat out of your hand, you
would place some bird seed closer and closer to you until
it finally had to come to your hand. This is called:
A)
intermittent reinforcement.
shaping.
C) partial reinforcement.
D) continuous reinforcement.
fixed interval
fixed ratio
variable interval
variable ratio
B)
What type of operant conditioning?
What type of operant conditioning?
A woman buys a blouse after hearing that it makes
her look beautiful.
 Positive reinforcement
A child is forced to miss a party because of a low
grade.
 Negative punishment
A child loses his video game privilege because he
received a poor grade.
 Negative punishment

A man receives a shock while attempting to
rewire an electrical outlet.
Positive punishment

A man buys flowers for his wife because she has
cut him off.
Negative reinforcement (man’s behavior), or
positive reinforcement (wifes’ behavior)
A depressed patient receives extra attention
after a suicide attempt.
Positive reinforcement

What type of operant conditioning?
Which schedule of reinforcement?
A schizophrenic patient feels less intelligent
when taking medication.
Positive punishment

A heroin user feels euphoria after shooting up.
Positive reinforcement

A smoker suffers withdrawal cravings while
trying to quit.
If smokes the cigarette after craving, negative
reinforcement.

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





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1. You have a quiz in your math class once a week. Fixed Interval
2. If you ask your mom for money, she will send it to you approximately every two weeks
Variable Interval
3. Your roommate always turns down her music the third time you ask.
Fixed Ratio
4. Your professor responds to every e‐mail you send
Continuous
5. You get one date about every 5 times you ask someone out.
Variable Ratio
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Quick Recap
•
•
•
•
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We have all had the experience of the tip-of-thetongue phenomenon. We are asked to remember
someone’s name. We are certain that we know
the name and feel as if we are just about to
remember it, yet it remains elusive. What type of
forgetting might be at work here?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Quick Recap
•When you solve a math problem in your head, you
have to hold the information there while you
calculate. This calls into play ___ memory.
• A) rehearsal
• B) working
• C) conscious
• D) arithmetic
encoding failure
retroactive interference
retrieval failure
motivated forgetting
Quick Recap
• Brief, visual, sensory memory that is like a
Quick Recap
• Making information meaningful occurs in
snapshot, and only lasts for less than a
second is called:
•
•
•
•
A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) immediate memory.
the process of ___ so that we may store it
in memory.
•
•
•
•
A) construction
B) storage
C) encoding
D) sensory memory
Quick Recap
Quick Recap
•When studying information, like concepts in your
textbook, you must work at it and pay attention.
This is called ___ processing.
•A) meaningful
•B) deliberate
•C) effortful
•D) redundant
• According to the serial position effect, you will
remember more:
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
items at the beginning and end of a list, than in the middle.
items in the middle of a list, than at the beginning and end.
vocabulary words if you process them visually.
vocabulary words if you process them acoustically.
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Quick Recap
Quick Recap
•Processing a word, or words, via ____
produces the best recognition later.
•
•
•
•
•
Your friend says, “I wait to study all the material the night
before the test, so it is fresh in my mind.” You tell her from
what you have learned:
A) visual encoding
B) storage potential
C) semantic encoding
D) acoustic encoding
•
•
•
•
Quick Recap
•Which of the following would be predicted by Ebbinghaus’
famous forgetting curve? Several years after learning the
dates of important historical events for a college class,
students:
Quick Recap
•When we remember how to do something, but
cannot consciously explain it or even recall the
information when asked, ___ is involved.
•A. will remember most of the dates, and will remember them for years to
come.
•B. will remember most of the dates, and will slowly start to forget them.
•C. will have forgotten most of the dates, but what they do remember,
they’ll remember for years to come.
•D. will have forgotten most of the dates, but during the years to come, they
•A) episodic memory
•B) explicit memory
•C) implicit memory
•D) semantic memory
will again remember what they initially forgot.
Quick Recap
Quick Recap
•
The tendency to recall more sad events when a
person is currently sad is an example of ___
memory.
•A) flashbulb
•B) iconic
•C) melancholic
•D) mood-congruent
A) that you agree this is the best way to prepare for a
test.
B) she should rehearse the material as many times as
she can the night before the test.
C) she should audio tape the material and replay it in her
sleep.
D) that she should spread her studying across many
days.
•
You are used to driving a car with a standard shift.
Today you are driving a friend’s car that has an
automatic transmission. As you drive, you keep trying to
shift gears, but there is no shift. This tendency is most
likely due to:
A. retroactive interference.
B. proactive interference.
C. motivated forgetting.
D. encoding failure.
•
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