Download 8 Cell Division

Cell Reproduction: Mitosis
1. How does bacterial reproduction differ from eukaryotic cell reproduction? How does the
bacterial genome differ in structure and size from the eukaryotic genome? Which one has
nucleosomes made of histone proteins?
2. Why are chromosomes copied (replicated) before cellular division? In what phase of the cell
cycle does this occur? What is the difference in structure between a single chromosome and a
replicated chromosome? What is a centromere? A (sister) chromatid?
3. Name the phases of the cell cycle and what cellular events occur in each phase. Which phases
can collectively be grouped together as "interphase"?
4. What is the purpose of mitosis? When does it occur in a living organism? Where does it
occur? How often is the average cell actively engaged in mitosis? What type of cell begins
mitosis, and what are the products of this process?
5. Describe the four phases of mitosis. What cellular events occur in each phase?
6. Which phase is cytokinesis most closely associated with? What is cytokinesis?
7. Describe the mitotic spindle and how it is formed. What is it made of? Where does it come
from? How do plants make the spindle? What is the spindle's function and how does it work?
8. What controls the progress of the cell cycle? Which two points of the cycle are dependent on
cellular "triggers' to move them forward? When does cell size come into play? When do levels
of cyclin (and therefore active MPF) come into play?
9. What does contact inhibition mean? What is the definition of a cancerous cell?
Cellular Reproduction: Meiosis
1. What is the purpose of meiosis? How is this different from mitosis? Where in an animal body
does meiosis occur? A plant? What is fertilization and the zygote?
2. Explain the biological advantages and disadvantages of asexual versus sexual reproduction.
3. How is a diploid cell different from a haploid cell? What are the mathematical abbreviations
for these two conditions? Which type of cell begins mitosis? Which begins meiosis? Which
type of cell is found at the end of mitosis? At the end of meiosis?
4. What is a homologous pair of chromosomes? How is a homologous pair different from two
sister chromatids? Can two chromosomes be both homologous and have sister chromatids at the
same time?
5. How does the process of meiosis alter the "ploidy" number (diploid vs haploid), the total
number of chromosomes, and the genetic composition of the product cells?
6. What are the phases of meiosis? Are the events in Part I the same as the events of Part II?
What happens in each phase? Practice this with simulated chromosomes or draw it out!
7. What do the chromosomes look like during synapsis when they form tetrads? When do they
do this? Why do they do this?
8. Where are the two places in meiosis where genetic variation (gene scrambling) is increased?
Describe how this variation is introduced.
9. Disregarding crossing over, how many possible unique cell combinations can arise by meiosis,
if a cell has 8 chromosomes?
10. Be able to recognize the phase of a cell in either meiosis or mitosis if given the diploid
number of the cell.
11. What is the difference between a centrosome, centriole, and centromere?
12. How does female meiosis different from male meiosis in mammalian animals?
Mendel and the Gene Idea
1. Name two or three of the characteristics used in his legendary experiments. What plant did he
use?
2. Describe the difference between dominant and recessive genes, between homozygous,
heterozygous, and hemizygous gene combinations, and between genotype and phenotype.
3. What is an allele? How many alleles are possible per characteristic, according to Mendel?
How many genes are carried per cell for a particular characteristic, according to Mendel? Where
are these genes carried?
4. Show how to write the genes present in the gametes arising from a one factor cross, like Pp x
Pp. Show how to make a Punnett Square and figure out the genotypic vs phenotypic ratios if P=
purple and p= white.
5. Show how to write the genes present in the gametes arising from a two factor cross, like YsYs
x YsYs, where Y= yellow, y= green, S= smooth, s= prickly. Show how to make the Punnett
Square and calculate the genotypic and phenotypic ratios. How can the binomial solving
algorithm known as F.O.I.L. help you here?
6. Be able to solve any problem similar to those on the practice set assigned to you for
homework. Try the practice problems in this review section and those in your book.