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Middle Ages David Wood Western Civilization Before We Begin I have removed the second exam/essay from this class. We are coming into the end of the historical period and soon we will be talking about modern issues in Western Civilization. This marks a HUGE change in the course, because we will soon no longer be talking about ancient history, and instead, we will be talking about issues that affect our modern world on a daily basis. Before We Begin Your one exam/essay in this class is to connect the ancient world with the modern world in a manner of your choosing. You can do this with an essay, a speech panel, or some other project of your choosing. This is a GROUP project. You have to confirm with me your project choice. Prompts Answer one of THREE prompts (your choice): Why is the study of ancient civilization important to understanding current Western Civilization? Globalization has integrated many Western ideas into the world order. Is it important to understand ancient Western civilization in order to understand modern day China or the modern Eastern Civilization? Compare and contrast the origins of Western Civilization with that of Chinese Civilization (or Eastern Civilization in general). How did these civilizations differ in their origins and outcomes? ESSAY Must be at least 6 pages in length. Typed. Font: Times New Roman Double Spaced SPEECH PANEL A speech panel works like this: All group members stand at the front of the classroom and deliver their answers to the prompt, each member emphasizing a different aspect. The rest of the class will then ask questions to the individual members. OTHER PROJECT Please confirm with me your ideas. A skit is probably not going to work unless it’s absolutely fantastic… Maybe you want to make a video or make your own PowerPoint presentation? Maybe you want to do a debate demonstration of the essay prompts? DUE DATE: WEEK 14 November 26/27 ANY QUESTIONS? Please take a few minutes to find groups now, and discuss the project with your classmates. Afterwards, I’ll ask again if there are any questions. The Middle Ages in Context Historians divide into 4 time frames: 1. Ancient World 2. Classical Era 3. Middle Ages 4. Modern Era Divisions help historian understand how Western Civilization developed in stages Ancient World Development of civilization Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persians, Classical World Greeks, Romans. Fall of Rome is the end of the Classical World Middle Ages (500-1500 CE) AKA Medieval Period Latin: Medium (middle) Aeveum (ages) 1000 year time period. After the Fall of Rome and before the Modern World. Many changes come to Europe during these centuries Christianity is biggest thing all Europeans have in common during this time Divisions 1. Early Middle 500-1000 CE 2. High Middle 1000-1300 CE 3. Late Middle 1300-1500 CE Western Europe Summary Middle Ages-postclassical period in western Europe Middle ages stretch between the fall of Roman empire and the 15th century Civ spreads gradually beyond the Mediterranean zone Christian missionaries converted Europeans Medieval Europe participated in the emerging international community New tools and crops expanded agricultural output Advanced technologies improved manufacturing Math, science and philosophy were stimulated by new concepts Middle Ages as a Carrier for Western Civilization Used Latin as a common language Manorialism originated on the farming estates of the ancient world Christianity is adopted widely Development of local and regional political focus Economically, credit was used, banking, accounting procedures, the creation of a wealthy class and the end of slavery The creation of vernacular literary forms and Gothic architecture (culture) Western Civilization against the Rival Islamic Empires Medieval west was flourishing while the Islamic core was fragmenting Understand for this class that these two civilizations were frequently “at each others’ throats.” Nonetheless, they were similar in many regards, though we do not consider the Islamic Empires as carriers for Western Civilization. “Western Civilization” Goes West Center of Western Civilization moves more and more towards the West Ancient World-Center is in Near East (middle east): Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, Persia Classical Era-Center is the Mediterranean: Greece, then Rome Middle Ages-Center is Northern and Central Europe The Big Picture The world of Europe in 500 CE was a VERY different place than the Europe of 1500 CE. End of Middle Ages: Great kings rule over powerful states such as France and England The Middle Ages helped to create the modern Western World Rome: A Review Expanded and took over all of Europe, North Africa, and some of the Middle East Peaceful Christianity is adopted by Rome (Constantine) Edict of Milan: Official tolerance of Christianity Theodosius the Great (378-395) adopted Christianity as official religion of Roman Empire The Roman Empire 286-476 Decline of the Roman Empire The decline of the Roman Empire refers to both the gradual disintegration of the economy of Rome and the barbarian invasions that were its final doom. This slow decline occurred over an estimated period of 320 years which many historians believe finally culminated in 476AD when Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire was deposed by Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain. Many scholars maintain that rather than a "fall", the changes can more accurately be described as a complex transformation. Over time many theories have been proposed on why the Empire fell, or whether indeed it fell at all. 476AD Blue=Roman Empire Red=Byzantine Empire End of the Roman Empire…Middle Ages The decline of the Roman Empire is one of the events traditionally marking the end of Classical Antiquity and the beginning of the European Middle Ages. The Western Roman Empire - not the Eastern Empire fell because the West, including Italy and the city of Rome itself, had been demoted to the periphery. The East had been promoted to the core of the Empire. This occurred on May 11, 330, with the transfer of the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople, by Constantine I. This happened because Greek-speaking Christians after decades of persecution - took over the Roman Empire. Europe declined during the early Middle Ages, for several reasons. The unifying force of the Roman empire was gone. The region was invaded repeatedly. Trade and classical learning decreased. Middle Ages 476-1350 The Middle Ages are so called as the middle period BETWEEN the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. The early Middle Ages are often referred to as the Dark Ages or Medieval era. Middle Ages Overview Middle Ages was the middle period in a division of European history into three 'ages': Classical civilization, the Middle Ages, and Modern Civilization. It is commonly considered as having lasted from the end of the Western Roman Empire (5th century) until *the rise of national monarchies, *the beginnings of demographic and economic renewal after the Black Death, *European overseas exploration , AND *the cultural revival known as the Renaissance around the 15th century Important Points Rise of the Catholic Church Monasteries, Missionaries Crusades Feudalism and the Feudal contract Charlemagne, Holy Roman Empire Knights, Lords, Manor, Vassals, Chivalry The Great Schism Norman Conquest Magna Carta Pope (Domination of the Catholic Church) 100 Years War/Joan of Arc The Black Death/Bubonic Plague The Inquisition (heresy) Middle Ages 476 A.D. – 1453 A.D. Loss of literacy and science No large empires. Large gap between rich and poor. Christian church has the power in Europe. IN MIDDLE EAST: Islam begins and grows. **Clash between two monotheistic religions** How did Germanic tribes divide Western Europe into small kingdoms? When the unifying force of the Roman empire disappeared from Western Europe, Germanic kingdoms replaced it. Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions blended during the Middle Ages. The Early Middle Ages (450900) First part of Middle Ages = western Europe had many problems and considered backwards Italy was struggling after the fall of Rome and Spain was ruled by Muslims Eventually, western Europe would recover and advance rapidly, but that wasn’t until the later part of the Middle Ages (after 900 C.E.) Early Middle Ages = Western Europe Weak Western Europe often invaded, making it hard to advance Vikings = Scandinavian raiders, invaded Europe between 700s and 1000s For the most part, only the clergy and people in monasteries were literate, and they helped to preserve classic learning Manor System Manorialism = economic and political system b/t landlords and their peasants Manor System (Feudalism) increased due to a lack of trade during early part of the Middle Ages Getting Back to the Feudal System Began by 500s Originally very local (lords had 5-10 vassals) but could span over large areas or kingdoms (such as Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire) Feudalism hurt development of strong monarchies (feudal lords had power) but it reduced local warfare Kings used feudalism to build power (France started as A Serf’s Life Serfs = most peasants, who were farmers, lived on selfsufficient estates called manors, got protection from lord (noble) in return for part of their good The Church After the fall of Rome, the church was the only strong form of organization (governments weak) Pope sponsored missions (converted England, Germany, parts of eastern Europe) to Christianity Pope Bishops Priests Charlemagne Later Carolingian ruler who established empire in France and Germany around 800, called Holy Roman Empire Looked like glory of Rome would be revived, but never occurred After Charlemagne’s death in 814, empire split into 3 sections (France, Germany, Low Countries) so each of his sons could have one Western Europe became series of regional monarchies with weak kings (aristocracy powerful) Most powerful of these regional monarchies in Germany and northern Italy Europe Divided Culturally western No single language in Europe was united western Europe (Latin through Catholicism, was language of but politically it was church, but spoken very divided language was French, English, etc) Things Turn Around Year 900 Agricultural Innovations such as the moldboard plow, three-field system, horse collar, and stirrups Viking raids began stopping in the 900s This led to population growth, which led to economic innovation and the growth of cities and towns Economic Growth More people meant more markets, trade grew Feudal system weakened as towns grew (demand for peasant labor increased and landlords needed to entice them by giving them more freedom (now charged rent) Harsh serfdom still existed, but serfs gaining more freedom A commercial, market-based economy began to exist in western Europe Growth of Towns and Cities Towns and cities grew rapidly especially in Italy Literacy spread in urban centers, as did use of vernacular (spoken) languages, like French and English Merchant activity and craft production grew Asia still had more in cities than western Europe, but they were growing in western Europe Universities Grow Church based schools formed in 800s By 1000s, first universities created – they trained middle class in the cities in theology, medicine, and law By 1100s, modern universities emerge throughout western Europe (such as Oxford and Cambridge in England) Feudal Monarchies Growth of feudal monarchies similar to China – both extensive bureaucracies To extend power, feudal monarchies hired professional armies, and hired businessmen to run bureaucracies Limited Government Strong monarchies didn’t develop across Europe, as regional states and feudal lords still had much power Ex: Magna Carta and King John (1215) – forced to give up power (couldn’t add new taxes w/out parliament’s ok Parliament = legislative body representing 3 privileged estates (church, nobles, urban leaders) not commoners Hundred Years’ War (13371453) War fought between France and England Led to decline of feudal system (monarchs) saw that feudal militaries (which did most of fighting) weren’t too effective, and a paid was army better Since noble’s military power no longer needed, feudal system began fading away Western Europeans Crave Expansion As the economy of western Europe began to grow, a period of expansionism occurred Reasons for expansion: Population was growing Desire to spread Christianity Germans expanded east, Christians eventually drove Muslims out of Spain, Vikings got to what is today Canada The Crusades The Crusades were the biggest expansionist movement Urban II – Pope who ordered 1st Crusade Lasting impact of Crusades was West being exposed to Middle Eastern culture Religious Reform Church officials often caught up in politics, hurting church Began Western idea of separation of church and state Reform movements began to remove this secularism from the church and rid church of interference of feudal lords Investiture – practice of government appointing bishops, initially dissolving the separation of “Church and State.” This practice ended with King Gregory VII, rectifying the wall between Church and State once again. Height of Medieval Civilization Merchant activity was growing and the feudal system was slowly dying out Medieval Western civilization reached its peak in the 1100s and the 1200s Byzantine Empire How did the Byzantine Empire contribute to civilization? The Eastern Empire As Western Europe succumbed to the Germanic invasions, imperial power shifted to the Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the Roman Empire). Constantinople Constantinople became the sole capitol of the empire and remained so until the successful revival of the western empire in the 8th century by Charlemagne. The Reign of Justinian The height of the first period of Byzantine history (324-632) was the reign of Emperor Justinian (r. 537565) and his wife Empress Theodora (d. 548) The Imperial Goal: Unity The imperial goal in the East was to centralize government and impose legal and doctrinal conformity. One God One Empire One Religion 1st Method: Law Justinian collated and revised Roman law. His Corpus Juris Civilis (body of civil law) had little effect on medieval common law. However, beginning with the Renaissance, it provided the foundation for most European law down to the 19th century. 2nd Method: Religion Religion as well as law served imperial centralization. In 380, Christianity had been proclaimed the official religion of the eastern empire. Now all other religions were considered “demented and insane.” Increase in Church Wealth Between the 4th and 6th centuries, the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem acquired enormous wealth in the form of land and gold. Increase in Clergy The prestige and comfort that the clergy enjoyed swelled the ranks of the clergy in the Eastern Church. Independent Thinking Ideas thought to be heresies by the Roman Catholic Church received imperial support: Arianism denied that Father and Son were equal and coeternal. Monophysitism taught that Jesus had only one nature, a composite divine-human one. Iconoclasm forbid the use of images (icons) because it led to idolatry. 3rd Method: Strong Cities During Justinian’s reign, the empire’s strength was its more than 1,500 cities. The largest with 350,000 inhabitants, was Constantinople, the cultural crossroads of Asian and European civilizations. Loyal Governors and Bishops Between the 4th and 5th centuries, councils were made up of local wealthy landowners, who were not necessarily loyal to the emperor. By the 6th century, special governors and bishops replaced the councils and proved to be more loyal to the emperor. The Empire at Its Height The empire was at its height In 565, during Justinian’s reign. It included most of the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Decline in the 7th Century In the seventh century the empire lost Syria, the Holy Land, Egypt, and North Africa to invading Islamic armies. The Iconoclastic Controversy The Iconoclastic Controversy, a movement that denied the holiness of religious images, devastated much of the empire for over a hundred years. During the eighth and early ninth centuries the use of such images was prohibited, but icons were restored by 843. Recovery of Territory The Byzantines called upon the European states to push back the Muslim conquerors. The European states complied, successfully pushed back the Seljuks, returned territory to the Byzantines, and carved out kingdoms of their own in Syria and Palestine. The Fall of Constantinople in 1204, the Crusaders attacked, conquered, and pillaged the city of Constantinople, a goal that the Muslims had been trying achieve for centuries Conquered by the Ottoman Turks In 1453, the city was finally and permanently conquered by the Ottoman Turks and renamed Istanbul. Byzantine culture, law, and administration came to its final end. Contribution to Western Civilization Throughout the early Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire remained a protective barrier between Western Europe and hostile Persian, Arab, and Turkish armies. The Byzantines were also a major conduit of classical learning and science into the West down to the Renaissance. While western Europeans were fumbling to create a culture of their own, the cities of the Byzantine Empire provided them a model of a civilized society. 0 Renaissance Renaissance marks “modern” civilization Rebirth of classical ideas (back to BEFORE Middle Ages) Renaissance that began in Italy (citystates of Venice, Milan, Florence) and spread to the rest of Europe The historical development of early civilization and the Middles Ages LED to the Renaissance…