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Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 SUNFLOWER FAMILY (ASTERACEAE) OF ALASKA: Commonly encountered nonnative and native species, plus tools for ID Matt Carlson & Irina Lapina Photo by Jan Anderson Overview • Our approach: – – – – Refresh your taxonomic skills Awareness of resources Awareness of difficulties Exposure to major non-natives likely to be encountered • + NATIVE species that they might be confused with – Some keys to help in the field – Talk some, chance to check out specimens – Please Ask Questions, etc. Non-Native Plant Identification 1 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Out-of-Place Plants • Non-native plants can occur in all habitats • However, they are more likely encountered in areas close to human use • And in sites with disturbed soils Out-of-Place Plants – General Plant Summary: • Become familiar with the flora you are working in – You’ll encounter 10% of flora 90% of the time • Become familiar with non-natives you expect to encounter – floras, picture guides, internet • Recognize it when you haven’t seen a particular plant before • What do you do if find something you think is new and non-native? Non-Native Plant Identification 2 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Introduction - Unique clusters of flowers • flower head • • sunflower, artichoke, lettuce hundreds of ornamental species Disk (tubular) flower Ray (ligulate) flower Pappus Achene Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Introduction -Easiest to separate by disk/ray flowers- Heads with only ray flowers • • • • • • • • • • Taraxacum officinalis & T. officinalis ssp. ceratophorum Crepis tectorum Hieracium aurantiacum Hieracium caespitosum H. pilosella H. umbellatum Hypochaeris radicata Leontodon autumnalis Sonchus arvensis Tragopogon dubious Heads with both disk flowers and ray flowers Heads with only disk flowers • • • • • • Non-Native Plant Identification Cirsium arvense Cirsium vulgare Cotula coronopifolia Matricaria discoidea Centaurea biebersteinii Tanacetum vulgare • • • • • • Senecio jacobea Bellis perennis Achillea spp. Anthemis spp. Leucanthemum Tripleurospermum inodorum 3 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Common dandelion Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale (Yellow headings = non-native) • • • • • flowering stalk leafless and hollow all leaves basal and lobed Large, broad-leaved, broad heads No horned involucral bracts Straw-colored achenes • Arctic-Alpine, Interior Boreal, South Coastal ecogeographic regions roadsides, railroads, waste places, lawns, cultivated fields meadows in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve Nenana and Stikine Rivers bars burned areas in Kenai Peninsular • • • • • Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Rock dandelion Taraxacum laevigatum (T. scanicum – Hultén) • Involucral bracts with horns or tubercle below apex Brick-red achenes, small (3 mm) • • Interior Boreal roadsides Hultén 1968, Roy er & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) - Native Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Other native dandelions Horned dandelion Taraxacum officinale ssp. ceratophorum (T. alaskanum, T. kamtschaticum, T. phymatocarpum, T. trigonolobum, etc.) • • Small Involucral bracts with horns or tubercle below apex • • • • Small Involucral bracts blackish-green or with horns Without brick-red achenes • Arctic-Alpine, Interior Boreal, South Coastal ecogeographic regions Meadows, moist places in the mountains, roadsides • Arctic-Alpine, Interior Boreal, South Coastal ecogeographic regions Often of meadows, rocky outcrops, coastal to alpine • Non-Native Plant Identification • Hultén 1968, Roy er & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000 4 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Narrowleaved hawksbeard (Annual hawksbeard) Crepis tectorum • • • • • • Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Narrowleaved hawkweed Hieracium umbellatum • • • • • perennial, 1 ½ to 4 feet tall from a short woody rhizome flower head up to 1 inch across annual or winter annual, erect, 1 to 3 no basal rosette of leaves feet tall involucral bracts multiple lengths, flower head ½ to 5/8 inches across dark green to black involucral bracts in two rows • without stolons winter annual with basal rosette of • roadsides, forest edges and openings in leaves Interior Boreal and South Coastal clasping leaves ecogeographic regions Gubanov et al. 2004, Hultén 1968, Roy er & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000 roadsides, disturbed areas Distribution of Hieracium umbellatum in Alaska 2005 2003 2002 Non-Native Plant Identification 5 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) – Native spp. Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Elegant & Dwarf Hawkweeds Crepis elegans & C. nana • • • • Stem branched from base Reddish-gray colored Spoon-shaped leaves, very reduced above roadsides, disturbed areas • • Dwarf alpine plant Dry, fine scree slopes Gubanov et al. 2004, Hultén 1968, Roy er & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Meadow hawkweed Hieracium caespitosum • • • • • • • perennial, up to 3 feet tall short, stout rhizome and long, leafy stolons basal rosette of leaves stem and leaves with numerous hairs heads 7 or more on branched stems milky juice roadsides, disturbed areas, and waste places Non-Native Plant Identification Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Mouseear hawkweed Hieracium pilosella • • • • • • • • perennial, about 1 foot tall mat-forming stolons basal rosette of leaves stem and leaves with sticky hairs heads solitary on unbranched stems outer ray flowers often with a reddish lines on the outer surface milky juice roadsides, lawns, and waste places in lowland, and montane zones Douglas et al. 1998 6 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) orangeflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Orange hawkweed Hieracium aurantiacum • • • • • • perennial flowers orange basal leaves form rosette rhizomes and above-ground stolons forming dens mats milky juice • No other composite species in Alaska has dark orange to red flower heads • roadsides, disturbed areas and waste places it invades forbs-fern meadows in Kodiak • Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) – Native Spp. Wooly & Slender Hawkweed Hieracium triste & H. gracile • • • < 30 cm tall Leaves almost all basal Bracts with gray-black or short gray hairs • Alpine meadows and slopes Lots of other Hieracium species in the Northwest (native + introduced)! Difficult group, lots of asexual reproduction… See Linda Wilson’s key: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/publications/00230/Hawkweed %20key_PNW_R3-June06.pdf Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999 Non-Native Plant Identification 7 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Fall dandelion Leontodon autumnalis Hairy cats-ear Hypochaeris radicata • • • • • • • • perennial, ½ to 2 feet tall rosette of basal leaves stem branched with scalelike bracts stem leaves lacking flower head is 1 to 1½ inches across milky juice receptacle chaffy (bracted) achenes with long, slender beak • roadsides, lawns, pastures, and waste places in lowland zone Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers • • • • • • • perennial rosette of basal deeply toothed leaves stem leaves lacking scalelike bracts on the stem milky juice receptacle naked achenes beackless • roadsides, pastures, and disturbed sites in the lowland and montane zones Douglas et al. 1998, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Perennial sow thistle Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus • • • • • • • • • • • • looks like a giant dandelion perennial, commonly up to 6 feet tall extensive rhizomes leaves have a clasping base upper leaves are much smaller has a waxy bloom on the stem does not have yellow hairs on the floral bracts or stem floral bracts are green with white margins flower heads are big 1 to 2 inch across milky juice roadsides, gardens, cultivated fields, and waste areas It may occur on disturbed sites of woods, meadows, lawns, streams, and lake shores Douglas et al. 1998, Gubanov et al. 2004, Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000 Non-Native Plant Identification 8 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Expanding of Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosum in Alaska 2002 2005 2003 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Annual sowthistle (Common sowthistle) Sonchus oleraceus • • • • • annual, 1 to 4 feet tall leaves are lobed upper leaves with sharply pointed lobes, clasping the stem flower heads relatively small less than 1 inch across Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Spiny sowthistle (aka annual sowthistle) Sonchus asper • • • • annual, 1 to 5 feet tall leaves entire with sharp, stiff prickles large rounded lobes at the stem flower heads relatively small less than 1 inch across • roadsides, waste areas, gardens, and cultivated fields roadsides, cultivated Douglas fields,etgardens al. 1998, Gubanov et al. 2004, Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000 Non-Native Plant Identification 9 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers Goat’s beard (Yellow salsify) Tragopogon dubius • • • • • • • • biennial or perennial, 1-3 feet tall leaves grass-like, 12” long floral bracts are longer than the flowers (up to 1½ inch long) stem is hollow and swollen below the flower head fruiting head is globe-shaped, 2½ to 4 inches arcoss milky juice roadsides, waste areas steep slopes and slides are susceptible to invasion Douglas et al. 1998, Royer & Dickinson 1999 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) – Native spp. with ray flowers only Rattlesnakeroot Prenanthes alata Microseris borealis Related Prenanthes Agoseris aurantiaca Agoseris glauca Douglas et al. 1998, Royer & Dickinson 1999 Non-Native Plant Identification 10 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Key to yellowflowered aster of disturbed habitats Yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with only ray flowers plant with leafless stem plant with leafy stem plant with no rosette of basal leaves at flowering time plant with rosette of basal leaves at flowering time flowering stalk hollow with no scalelike bracts flowering stalk with scalelike bracts plant has leafy stolons stem leaves broad, wide (not grasslike) plant without stolons leaves grasslike parallel-veined stem leaves broad with prickly margins involucre onion shape at fruit stem leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong usually less than 1/2” involucre cylindrical at fruit annual (biennial) with short root heads small (<1”) leaves stiff with spiny margins rounded lobes at the stem glandtipped hairs on flower stalk and bracts lack of glandtipped hairs on flower stalk and bracts Tragopogon dubius Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus Sonchus arvensis Leaves soft lobed with sharppointed lobed at stem Sonchus asper annual Crepis tectorum involucr al bracts multiple lengths Sonchus oleraceus involuc ral bracts in two rows Hieracium umbellatum involucr al bracts multiple lengths Hieracium gracile involu cral bracts in two rows Hieracium triste heads 7 or more on stalk winter annual Crepis tectorum single flower head Hieracium caespitosa Taraxacum officinale ssp. ceratophorum ache nes witho ut beak Hieracium pillosella Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale ache ns with long beak Leontodon autumnalis horns on the bracts under the flower heads Hypochaeris radicata no horns on the bracts under the flower heads perennial with deep root and rhizomes heads large (up to 2”) GROUP 2 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae), Disk Flowers Only Pineappleweed Matricaria discoidea • • • • • annual small, less than 1 feet tall cone-shaped flower heads plant gives off a scent when crushed leaves are divided several times into narrow segments • on compacted soil of roadsides, farmyards, waste areas throughout Alaska Non-Native Plant Identification Common groundsel Senecio vulgaris • • • • • annual or biennial hollow stem, 4 to 12 inches tall leaves fleshy, wavy-margined, deeply lobed cylindrical flower heads roadsides, gardens, cultivated crops Hultén 1968, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994, Royer & Dickinson 1999 11 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Group 2 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Canada thistle Cirsium arvense • • • • • • • • purplish pink flowered Asteraceae Heads with only disk flowers Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare perennial, 1 to 4 feet tall forms colonies through extensive creeping rhizome prickly stems and leaves without spiny wings leaves are glabrous above and glabrous or hairy below purplish pink flowers flowerheads up to 3/4” across bracts under the flowerhead are spineless roadsides, forest edges, forest openings, • • • • • • • • Native thistles (3 species) biennial, 2 to 5 feet tall deep, fleshy taproot spiny-winged stems leaves are prickly hairy above and cottony below dark purple flowers large head (up to 1 1/2”) bracts under the flowerhead are spine-tipped roadsides, disturbed areas • • Large heads & Stem not winged • • Aleutians Yukon and potentially to Haines and Skagway Tip of SE AK • Royer & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000 Group 2 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) purplish pink flowered Asteraceae Heads with only disk flowers Spotten knapweed Centaurea biebersteinii (C. maculosa) • • • • • biennial or short-lived perennial stem and leaves have sandpapery texture lower leaves irregularly lobed, upper leaves entire flowers purple bracts under the flowerhead black-tipped, not spiny No native species of knapweed are present in Alaska Royer & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000 Non-Native Plant Identification 12 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Group 2 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Common tancy Tanacetum vulgare • • • perennial, grow up to 4 feet tall stem woody, purplish red leaves are twice-divided into narrow, toothed segments leaves have strong odor when crushed numerous button-like flower heads roadsides, can be found along ditches and streams it invades beach meadows in Haines, SE • • • • yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with both flowers Water buttons Cotula coronopifolia • • Semi-hemispherical heads Stem decumbent • • Brackish mud SE Alaska (Wrangell?) Hultén 1968, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994, Royer & Dickinson 1999 Group 3 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) yellowflowered Asteraceae Heads with both flowers Tansy ragwort Senecio jacobaea • • • • • • • biennial or short-lived perennial 4 to 6 feet tall lower leaves soon deciduous leaves deeply pinnately dissected leave segments are wider than long numerous flowerheads with light brown centers ray flowers up to ½” long roadsides, disturbed places Many native ragworts • Variable characteristics – see Hulten Hultén 1968, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994, Royer & Dickinson 1999 Non-Native Plant Identification 13 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Heads with white ray flowers and yellow disk flowers Oxeye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) • • • perennial, 1 to 3 feet tall flowerheads with white ray flowers and yellow disc florets leaves spoon-shaped, with rounded teeth and lobes leaves usually withered by flowering time • roadsides, meadows, clearcuts, disturbed places • Arctic daisy Chrysanthemum alaskanum (Dendranthema arcticum) • • Low plant Leaves wedge-shaped • Coastal marshes, rocky shores Bossard et al. 2000, Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994, Welsh 1974, Whiston et al. 2000 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) • • • • annual or biennial flowerheads with white ray flowers and yellow disc flowers leaves divided into narrow segments roadsides, cultivated crops, waste places in Arctic Alpine, Interior Boreal and South Coastal ecogeographic regions Scentless chamomile Tripleurospermum perforata • • • receptacles naked leaves are odorless when crushed involucral bracts with lightbrown, narrow, scarious margin Non-Native Plant Identification Heads with white ray flowers and yellow disk flowers False mayweed Tripleurospermum maritima • • receptacles naked involucral bracts with dark-brown, broad, scarious margin Stinking mayweed Anthemis cotula • • receptacles papery or bristly on the middle plant ill-scented 14 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Yarrow • • • • Heads with both ray flowers and disk flowers Achillea millefolium complex perennial, aromatic plant, 1 to 2 feet tall, rarely branched with woolly hairs leaves divided 2-3 times into narrow segments flowerheads small (3/8” across) with 5 white to pink ray flowers and cream colored disc flowers numerous flowerheads in round, flat-topped clusters • • roadsides, waste places, meadows, open forests, rocky slopes, gravel bars throughout Alaska New FNA treatment will not recognize A. borealis. Achillea millefolium = a complex of native and introduced genotypes that are impossible to distinguish morphologically or cytologically (D. Trock) Common yarrow Achillea millefolium var. millefolium • • probably introduced involucral bracts with lightbrown to yellowish margin Yarrow Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis • • • Yarrow Achillea millefolium var. borealis native involucral bracts with lightbrown to yellowish margin leaves narrow • • native involuclal bracts with darkbrown margin Hitchcock et al. 1955, Hultén 1968, USDA Plants Database 2003, ITIS 2003 Native Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) - Fleabanes • • • • pappus flowerheads with white, pink, to light blue ray flowers and yellow disc flowers flowerheads on naked scapes variable habitats (often disturbed-well drained) Smooth fleabane Erigeron glabellus Bitter fleabane Erigeron acris • Common on roadsides Non-Native Plant Identification • Interior Alaska on welldrained soils & roadsides Subalpine fleabane Erigeron peregrinus • Common in moist woodlands and alpine meadows 15 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Native Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) - Asters • • • • pappus flowerheads with white to blue ray flowers and yellow disc flowers flowerheads on leafy scapes Sandy soils, including roadsides Arctic aster Aster sibiricus • • Common on roadsides Sandy soil Sunflower Family (Asteraceae). Key to the genera (adapted from Hultén 1968, Cody 1996, Douglas et al. 1998, Gubanov et al. 2004): Heads with both disk flowers and ray flowers Group 1 Non-Native Plant Identification Heads with only disk flowers Heads with only ray flowers Group 2 Group 3 16 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Heads with both disk flowers and ray flowers Group 1 Plant with basil leaves only, head solitary Plant with leafy stem, heads more than 1 Stem with scalelike leaves Stem with ordinary leaves Achenes with 2-4 stiff bristles Leaves opposit e at least below Leaves large, cordat e Receptacl e chaffy Leaves alternate, pinnately dissected Leave s lobed Ray flowers 10-30 mm long Leaves finely divided Into linear segments Receptacle flat Leaves alternat e Involucra l bracts in 2 or more rows Receptacle conical Leaves opposit e Heads on leafy branchlets Heads on naked stalks Involucra l bracts in 1 row Aster Erigeron Arnica Senecio Solidago Leucanthemu m Dendranthema Matricaria Tripleuro spermum Achillea Anthemis Tanacetu m Bidens Helianthu s Petasites Bellis Pappus of hairlike bristles Leaves alternat e pinnatel y disseced Tanacetum (vulgare) Bidens Plants green, not woolly Flowers white, pink, purplish, blue, not yellow Leaves spiny Stem leaves scalelike Stem leaves ordinar y Leaves not at all bristly or spiny Heads in panicle s Heads not in panicle s All leaves finely divided Involucral bracts hooked at the tip Heads small, numerous, in panicles Upper leaves entire sheathin g Arctium Artemisia Cotula Matricaria Antennaria Leaves alternat e Heads in congeste d clusters Gnaphalium Leaves opposit e Petasite s All disk flowers small, tubelik e Senecio Centaurea Carduus Cirsium Non-Native Plant Identification Infolucra l bracts not hooked Flowers yellow Arnica Marginal disk flowers big, funnelfor m Pappus lacking Plants more or less whitewoolly Aster Papus bristles merely barbe d or smoot h Leaves simple or pinnately dissected into broad lobes Heads with only disk flowers Pappus of 2-4 stiff bristles Pappus bristles feather y Ray flowers white, pink, or blue Ray flowers yellow or orange Receptacl e naked Ray flowers 2-3 mm long Group 2 Leaves opposite at least below Pappus with long hairs Pappus lacking 17 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Heads with only ray flowers juice milky Group 3 plant with leafy stem plant with leafless stem Achenes beakless flowering stalk hollow with no scalelike bracts flowering stalk with scalelike bracts achens with long beak Achenes beaked Pappus of bristles Pappus lacking Flowers yellow or orange achenes without beak Leaves spiny Flowers purple, lavender, pink, or white leaves broad, wide (not grasslike) leaves grasslike parallelveined Leaves not spiny Involucra l bracts in single series Florets 5 Involucral bracts in 2 or more series, overlappin g Florets 6-30+ Tragopogon Lactuca Mycelis Premamthes Hieracium Crepis Sonchus Cichorium Leontodon Hypochaeris Taraxacum List of resources: Floras Weed books (with comments of Irina Lapina and Michael Shephard) • Hultén, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 1008 pp. Good reference, included all non-natives at the time he wrote the b ook and most natives growing on disturb ed sites. • Cody, W. Flora of the Yukon Territory. • Douglas, G.W., G.B. Straley, D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1998. Illustrated flora of British Columbia. vol. 1-8. British Columbia: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Ministry of Forests. Good for weed ID. It is very good for Asteraceae. • Pojar, J. and A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. It has many exotics with good hab itat description and notes ab out nativity and distrib ution, good for SC and SE Alaska • Whitson, T. D., L. C. Burrill, S. A. Dewey, D. W. Cudney, B. E. Nelson, R. D. Lee, R. Parker. 2000. Weeds of the West. The Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Universities, Cooperative Extension Services. University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming. 630 pp. Good b asic, photographs • Royer, F. and R. Dickinson. 1999. Weeds of the Northern US and Canada. Perhaps is b est, especially in comb ination with Weeds of the West. • Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall, M.C. Hoshovsky, 2000. Invasive plants of California’s wildlands. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 360 p. is very good. It has few species occurring in Alaska with good description of impact on natural communities. Available online: http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/Publications/Invasive_Plants_of_California_Wildland s.htm • DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and riparian weeds of the west. University of California. 442 p. • Guide to Weeds in British Columbia. Available online: http://www.weedsbc.ca/pdf/GuidetoWeeds.pdf • AKEPIC 2005 - Invasive Plants of Alaska. 294 p. Non-Native Plant Identification 18 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 List of web sites on invasive plants Description, distribution in NA, impact on wildland, images • Wilson’s Key to Hieracium species of the Pacific North West http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/publications/00230/Hawkweed%20key_PNW_R3-June06.pdf • Forest Health Protection. Alaska Region. http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/spf/fhp Canada thistle, Japanese knotweed, orange hawkweed, and spotted knapweed leaflets and Selected invasive plants of Alaska – pocket guide. • Alaska Natural Heritage Program at UAA http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/ Download and print invasive plant b ios. • USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service). 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 708744490 USA. • Fire Effect Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ • Colorado State University Cooperative Extension http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/pubnatr.html • Ohio perennial and biennial weed guide. Ohio State University http://www.oardc.ohiostate.edu/weedguide/listallscifi.asp Good plants description. • Montana plant life. http://montana.plant-life.org/index.html • Rutledge, C R. and T. McLendon. 1996. An Assessment of Exotic Plant Species of Rocky Mountain National Park. Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science, Colorado State University. 97pp. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/explant/explant.htm Hab itats, impact on parks communities. • Butterfield, C., J. Stubbendieck, and J. Stumpf. 1996. Species abstracts of highly disruptive exotic plants. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/exoticab/exoticab.htm • Virginia Natural Heritage Program http://www.dcr.state.va.us/dnh/index.html List of web sites on invasive plants Description, distribution in NA, impact on wildlands, images • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/NaturalResources.html • Pest management. Ministry of Agriculture, Food , and Fisheries, Government of British Columbia http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/weedguid/weedindx.htm Wonderful photographs! • California Invasive Plant Council http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/ • Weeds gone wild. Alien plant invaders of natural areas. The plant conservation alliance’s Alien plant working group. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/index.htm • Center for invasive plant management. Department of Land Resources and Environmental Science, Montana State University. http://www.weedcenter.org/ Good general basic. Links to other resources. • Invasive plants of natural habitats in Canada. http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/publications/inv/cont_e.cfm • Invaders Database System. The University of Montana. 2003. Montana Noxious Weed Trust Fund. Department of Agriculture. http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/ Listing of noxious weed in US and Canada. Non-Native Plant Identification 19 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 Reports on non-native plant survey in Alaska available at Alaska Natural Heritage Program web site http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/ • DeVelice, R.L. 2003. Non-native plant inventory: Kenai Trails. R10-TP-124. USDA Forest Service, Chugach National Forest, Anchorage, AK. 24 p. http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/literature_akweeds.htm • Duffy, M. 2003. Non-native plants of Chugach National Forest: A preliminary inventory. R10-TP-111. USDA Forest Service, [Anchorage, AK]. 92 p. • Heutte, T. and E. Bella. 2003. Invasive plants and exotic weeds of Southeast Alaska. USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry and Chugach National Forest. [Anchorage, AK]. 79 p. • Lapina, I. and M.L. Carlson. 2005. Non-native plant species of Susitna, Matanuska, and Copper River Basins: Summary of survey findings and recommendations for control actions. Final report for USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Anchorage, AK. 64 p. • Nolen, A. 2002. Vetch infestations in Alaska. Prepared for: Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. Alaska Plant Materials Center, Division of Agriculture. Department of Natural Resources, [Palmer, AK]. 38 p. • Densmore , R.V., P.C. McKee and C. Roland. 2001. Exotic Plants in Alaskan National Park Units. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Biological Science Center and Denali National Park and Preserve. [Anchorage, AK]. 150 p. Includes result of surveys in Denali National Park and Preserve, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Kenai Fjords National Park, Sitka National Historical Park, and Katmai National Park and Preserve. Interior Species Non-Native Plant Identification 20 Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae June 22, 2006 South-Coastal Species Arctic Species Non-Native Plant Identification 21