Download Carlson/Lapina

Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
SUNFLOWER FAMILY (ASTERACEAE) OF
ALASKA: Commonly encountered nonnative and native species, plus tools for ID
Matt Carlson
&
Irina Lapina
Photo by Jan Anderson
Overview
• Our approach:
–
–
–
–
Refresh your taxonomic skills
Awareness of resources
Awareness of difficulties
Exposure to major non-natives likely to be
encountered
• + NATIVE species that they might be
confused with
– Some keys to help in the field
– Talk some, chance to check out specimens
– Please Ask Questions, etc.
Non-Native Plant Identification
1
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Out-of-Place Plants
• Non-native plants can
occur in all habitats
• However, they are
more likely encountered
in areas close to human
use
• And in sites with
disturbed soils
Out-of-Place Plants – General Plant
Summary:
• Become familiar with the flora you
are working in
– You’ll encounter 10% of flora 90% of
the time
• Become familiar with non-natives
you expect to encounter
– floras, picture guides, internet
• Recognize it when you haven’t
seen a particular plant before
• What do you do if find something
you think is new and non-native?
Non-Native Plant Identification
2
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Introduction
- Unique clusters of flowers •
flower head
•
•
sunflower, artichoke, lettuce
hundreds of ornamental
species
Disk (tubular)
flower
Ray (ligulate)
flower
Pappus
Achene
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Introduction
-Easiest to separate by disk/ray flowers-
Heads with only ray
flowers
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Taraxacum officinalis &
T. officinalis ssp.
ceratophorum
Crepis tectorum
Hieracium aurantiacum
Hieracium caespitosum
H. pilosella
H. umbellatum
Hypochaeris radicata
Leontodon autumnalis
Sonchus arvensis
Tragopogon dubious
Heads with both
disk flowers
and ray flowers
Heads with only
disk flowers
•
•
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•
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•
Non-Native Plant Identification
Cirsium arvense
Cirsium vulgare
Cotula coronopifolia
Matricaria discoidea
Centaurea
biebersteinii
Tanacetum vulgare
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•
•
•
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Senecio jacobea
Bellis perennis
Achillea spp.
Anthemis spp.
Leucanthemum
Tripleurospermum
inodorum
3
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Common dandelion
Taraxacum officinale ssp.
officinale
(Yellow
headings =
non-native)
•
•
•
•
•
flowering stalk leafless and hollow
all leaves basal and lobed
Large, broad-leaved, broad heads
No horned involucral bracts
Straw-colored achenes
•
Arctic-Alpine, Interior Boreal, South
Coastal ecogeographic regions
roadsides, railroads, waste places,
lawns, cultivated fields
meadows in Glacier Bay National Park
and Preserve
Nenana and Stikine Rivers bars
burned areas in Kenai Peninsular
•
•
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•
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Rock dandelion Taraxacum
laevigatum (T. scanicum – Hultén)
•
Involucral bracts with horns or
tubercle below apex
Brick-red achenes, small (3 mm)
•
•
Interior Boreal
roadsides
Hultén 1968, Roy er & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) - Native
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Other native dandelions
Horned dandelion Taraxacum
officinale ssp. ceratophorum
(T. alaskanum, T. kamtschaticum, T.
phymatocarpum, T. trigonolobum, etc.)
•
•
Small
Involucral bracts with horns or
tubercle below apex
•
•
•
•
Small
Involucral bracts blackish-green or
with horns
Without brick-red achenes
•
Arctic-Alpine, Interior Boreal, South
Coastal ecogeographic regions
Meadows, moist places in the
mountains, roadsides
•
Arctic-Alpine, Interior Boreal, South
Coastal ecogeographic regions
Often of meadows, rocky outcrops,
coastal to alpine
•
Non-Native Plant Identification
•
Hultén 1968, Roy er & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000
4
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Narrowleaved hawksbeard
(Annual hawksbeard)
Crepis tectorum
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•
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Narrowleaved hawkweed
Hieracium umbellatum
•
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•
perennial, 1 ½ to 4 feet tall
from a short woody rhizome
flower head up to 1 inch across
annual or winter annual, erect, 1 to 3
no basal rosette of leaves
feet tall
involucral bracts multiple lengths,
flower head ½ to 5/8 inches across
dark green to black
involucral bracts in two rows
• without stolons
winter annual with basal rosette of
• roadsides, forest edges and openings in
leaves
Interior Boreal and South Coastal
clasping leaves
ecogeographic
regions
Gubanov et al. 2004, Hultén
1968, Roy er & Dickinson
1999, Whitson et al. 2000
roadsides, disturbed areas
Distribution of Hieracium umbellatum in Alaska
2005
2003
2002
Non-Native Plant Identification
5
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) – Native spp.
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Elegant & Dwarf Hawkweeds
Crepis elegans & C. nana
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•
•
•
Stem branched from base
Reddish-gray colored
Spoon-shaped leaves, very reduced
above
roadsides, disturbed areas
•
•
Dwarf alpine plant
Dry, fine scree slopes
Gubanov et al. 2004, Hultén 1968, Roy er & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Meadow hawkweed
Hieracium caespitosum
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•
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perennial, up to 3 feet tall
short, stout rhizome and long, leafy
stolons
basal rosette of leaves
stem and leaves with numerous hairs
heads 7 or more on branched stems
milky juice
roadsides, disturbed areas, and
waste places
Non-Native Plant Identification
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Mouseear hawkweed
Hieracium pilosella
•
•
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perennial, about 1 foot tall
mat-forming stolons
basal rosette of leaves
stem and leaves with sticky hairs
heads solitary on unbranched stems
outer ray flowers often with a reddish
lines on the outer surface
milky juice
roadsides, lawns, and waste places
in lowland, and montane zones
Douglas et al. 1998
6
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
orangeflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Orange hawkweed
Hieracium aurantiacum
•
•
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•
perennial
flowers orange
basal leaves form rosette
rhizomes and above-ground
stolons
forming dens mats
milky juice
•
No other composite species
in Alaska has dark orange to
red flower heads
•
roadsides, disturbed areas
and waste places
it invades forbs-fern
meadows in Kodiak
•
Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) – Native Spp.
Wooly & Slender Hawkweed
Hieracium triste & H. gracile
•
•
•
< 30 cm tall
Leaves almost all basal
Bracts with gray-black or
short gray hairs
•
Alpine meadows and slopes
Lots of other Hieracium species in the Northwest (native +
introduced)!
Difficult group, lots of asexual reproduction…
See Linda Wilson’s key:
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/publications/00230/Hawkweed
%20key_PNW_R3-June06.pdf
Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999
Non-Native Plant Identification
7
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Fall dandelion
Leontodon autumnalis
Hairy cats-ear
Hypochaeris radicata
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perennial, ½ to 2 feet tall
rosette of basal leaves
stem branched with scalelike bracts
stem leaves lacking
flower head is 1 to 1½ inches across
milky juice
receptacle chaffy (bracted)
achenes with long, slender beak
•
roadsides, lawns, pastures, and waste
places in lowland zone
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
•
•
•
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•
perennial
rosette of basal deeply toothed leaves
stem leaves lacking
scalelike bracts on the stem
milky juice
receptacle naked
achenes beackless
•
roadsides, pastures, and disturbed sites in
the lowland and montane zones
Douglas et al. 1998, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Perennial sow thistle
Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus
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looks like a giant dandelion
perennial, commonly up to 6 feet tall
extensive rhizomes
leaves have a clasping base
upper leaves are much smaller
has a waxy bloom on the stem
does not have yellow hairs on the
floral bracts or stem
floral bracts are green with white
margins
flower heads are big 1 to 2 inch across
milky juice
roadsides, gardens, cultivated fields,
and waste areas
It may occur on disturbed sites of
woods, meadows, lawns, streams, and
lake shores
Douglas et al. 1998, Gubanov et al. 2004, Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000
Non-Native Plant Identification
8
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Expanding of Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosum in
Alaska
2002
2005
2003
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Annual sowthistle
(Common sowthistle)
Sonchus oleraceus
•
•
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•
annual, 1 to 4 feet tall
leaves are lobed
upper leaves with sharply pointed
lobes, clasping the stem
flower heads relatively small less
than 1 inch across
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Spiny sowthistle
(aka annual sowthistle)
Sonchus asper
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•
•
•
annual, 1 to 5 feet tall
leaves entire with sharp, stiff prickles
large rounded lobes at the stem
flower heads relatively small less than
1 inch across
• roadsides, waste areas, gardens, and
cultivated fields
roadsides, cultivated Douglas
fields,etgardens
al. 1998, Gubanov et al. 2004, Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000
Non-Native Plant Identification
9
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
Goat’s beard (Yellow salsify)
Tragopogon dubius
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biennial or perennial, 1-3 feet tall
leaves grass-like, 12” long
floral bracts are longer than the
flowers (up to 1½ inch long)
stem is hollow and swollen below
the flower head
fruiting head is globe-shaped, 2½
to 4 inches arcoss
milky juice
roadsides, waste areas
steep slopes and slides are
susceptible to invasion
Douglas et al. 1998, Royer & Dickinson 1999
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) – Native spp. with ray flowers only
Rattlesnakeroot
Prenanthes alata
Microseris borealis
Related
Prenanthes
Agoseris aurantiaca
Agoseris glauca
Douglas et al. 1998, Royer & Dickinson 1999
Non-Native Plant Identification
10
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Key to yellowflowered aster of disturbed
habitats
Yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with only ray flowers
plant with leafless stem
plant with leafy stem
plant with no rosette of basal leaves at
flowering time
plant with rosette of basal
leaves at flowering time
flowering stalk
hollow
with no
scalelike bracts
flowering stalk
with scalelike
bracts
plant has leafy
stolons
stem leaves broad,
wide (not grasslike)
plant without
stolons
leaves
grasslike
parallel-veined
stem leaves broad with
prickly margins
involucre onion shape at
fruit
stem leaves lanceolate to
narrowly oblong usually less
than 1/2” involucre cylindrical
at fruit
annual (biennial)
with short root
heads small (<1”)
leaves
stiff with
spiny
margins
rounded
lobes at
the stem
glandtipped
hairs
on
flower
stalk
and
bracts
lack of
glandtipped
hairs on
flower
stalk
and
bracts
Tragopogon
dubius
Sonchus
arvensis ssp.
uliginosus
Sonchus
arvensis
Leaves
soft
lobed
with
sharppointed
lobed at
stem
Sonchus asper
annual
Crepis tectorum
involucr
al
bracts
multiple
lengths
Sonchus
oleraceus
involuc
ral
bracts
in two
rows
Hieracium
umbellatum
involucr
al
bracts
multiple
lengths
Hieracium
gracile
involu
cral
bracts
in two
rows
Hieracium triste
heads
7 or
more
on
stalk
winter annual
Crepis tectorum
single
flower
head
Hieracium
caespitosa
Taraxacum
officinale
ssp.
ceratophorum
ache
nes
witho
ut
beak
Hieracium
pillosella
Taraxacum
officinale
ssp. officinale
ache
ns
with
long
beak
Leontodon
autumnalis
horns
on the
bracts
under
the
flower
heads
Hypochaeris
radicata
no
horns
on the
bracts
under
the
flower
heads
perennial with deep
root and rhizomes
heads large (up to 2”)
GROUP 2 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae), Disk Flowers Only
Pineappleweed
Matricaria discoidea
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•
annual
small, less than 1 feet tall
cone-shaped flower heads
plant gives off a scent when crushed
leaves are divided several times into
narrow segments
•
on compacted soil of roadsides,
farmyards, waste areas throughout
Alaska
Non-Native Plant Identification
Common groundsel
Senecio vulgaris
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annual or biennial
hollow stem, 4 to 12 inches tall
leaves fleshy, wavy-margined, deeply
lobed
cylindrical flower heads
roadsides, gardens, cultivated crops
Hultén 1968, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994, Royer & Dickinson 1999
11
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Group 2 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Canada thistle
Cirsium arvense
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purplish pink flowered Asteraceae
Heads with only disk flowers
Bull thistle
Cirsium vulgare
perennial, 1 to 4 feet tall
forms colonies through
extensive creeping rhizome
prickly stems and leaves
without spiny wings
leaves are glabrous above
and glabrous or hairy below
purplish pink flowers
flowerheads up to 3/4” across
bracts under the flowerhead
are spineless
roadsides, forest edges, forest
openings,
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Native thistles
(3 species)
biennial, 2 to 5 feet tall
deep, fleshy taproot
spiny-winged stems
leaves are prickly hairy
above and cottony below
dark purple flowers
large head (up to 1 1/2”)
bracts under the flowerhead
are spine-tipped
roadsides, disturbed areas
•
•
Large heads &
Stem not winged
•
•
Aleutians
Yukon and
potentially to
Haines and
Skagway
Tip of SE AK
•
Royer & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000
Group 2 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
purplish pink flowered Asteraceae
Heads with only disk flowers
Spotten knapweed
Centaurea biebersteinii (C. maculosa)
•
•
•
•
•
biennial or short-lived perennial
stem and leaves have
sandpapery texture
lower leaves irregularly lobed,
upper leaves entire
flowers purple
bracts under the flowerhead
black-tipped, not spiny
No native species of
knapweed are present in
Alaska
Royer & Dickinson 1999, Whitson et al. 2000
Non-Native Plant Identification
12
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Group 2 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Common tancy
Tanacetum vulgare
•
•
•
perennial, grow up to 4 feet tall
stem woody, purplish red
leaves are twice-divided into narrow,
toothed segments
leaves have strong odor when
crushed
numerous button-like flower heads
roadsides, can be found along
ditches and streams
it invades beach meadows in Haines,
SE
•
•
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•
yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with both flowers
Water buttons
Cotula coronopifolia
•
•
Semi-hemispherical heads
Stem decumbent
•
•
Brackish mud
SE Alaska (Wrangell?)
Hultén 1968, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994, Royer & Dickinson 1999
Group 3 - Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
yellowflowered Asteraceae
Heads with both flowers
Tansy ragwort
Senecio jacobaea
•
•
•
•
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•
biennial or short-lived perennial 4 to 6 feet tall
lower leaves soon deciduous
leaves deeply pinnately dissected
leave segments are wider than long
numerous flowerheads with light brown
centers
ray flowers up to ½” long
roadsides, disturbed places
Many native ragworts
•
Variable characteristics – see Hulten
Hultén 1968, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994, Royer & Dickinson 1999
Non-Native Plant Identification
13
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) Heads with white ray flowers and yellow disk flowers
Oxeye daisy
Leucanthemum vulgare (Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
•
•
•
perennial, 1 to 3 feet tall
flowerheads with white ray flowers and yellow disc
florets
leaves spoon-shaped, with rounded teeth and
lobes
leaves usually withered by flowering time
•
roadsides, meadows, clearcuts, disturbed places
•
Arctic daisy
Chrysanthemum alaskanum
(Dendranthema arcticum)
•
•
Low plant
Leaves wedge-shaped
•
Coastal marshes, rocky shores
Bossard et al. 2000, Hultén 1968, Royer & Dickinson 1999, Pojar & Mackinnon 1994, Welsh 1974, Whiston et al. 2000
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
•
•
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•
annual or biennial
flowerheads with white ray flowers and yellow disc flowers
leaves divided into narrow segments
roadsides, cultivated crops, waste places in Arctic Alpine, Interior
Boreal and South Coastal ecogeographic regions
Scentless chamomile
Tripleurospermum
perforata
•
•
•
receptacles naked
leaves are odorless when
crushed
involucral bracts with lightbrown, narrow, scarious
margin
Non-Native Plant Identification
Heads with white ray flowers and yellow disk flowers
False mayweed
Tripleurospermum
maritima
•
•
receptacles naked
involucral bracts with
dark-brown, broad,
scarious margin
Stinking mayweed
Anthemis cotula
•
•
receptacles papery or bristly
on the middle
plant ill-scented
14
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)
Yarrow
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•
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•
Heads with both ray flowers and disk flowers
Achillea millefolium complex
perennial, aromatic plant, 1 to 2 feet tall,
rarely branched with woolly hairs
leaves divided 2-3 times into narrow segments
flowerheads small (3/8” across) with 5 white to pink ray flowers and
cream colored disc flowers
numerous flowerheads in round, flat-topped clusters
•
•
roadsides, waste places, meadows, open forests, rocky slopes,
gravel bars throughout Alaska
New FNA treatment will not recognize A.
borealis. Achillea millefolium = a complex of
native and introduced genotypes that are
impossible to distinguish morphologically or
cytologically (D. Trock)
Common yarrow
Achillea millefolium
var. millefolium
•
•
probably introduced
involucral bracts with lightbrown to yellowish margin
Yarrow
Achillea millefolium
var. occidentalis
•
•
•
Yarrow
Achillea millefolium
var. borealis
native
involucral bracts with lightbrown to yellowish margin
leaves narrow
•
•
native
involuclal bracts with darkbrown margin
Hitchcock et al. 1955, Hultén 1968, USDA Plants Database 2003, ITIS 2003
Native Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) - Fleabanes
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•
•
•
pappus
flowerheads with white, pink, to light blue ray flowers and yellow
disc flowers
flowerheads on naked scapes
variable habitats (often disturbed-well drained)
Smooth fleabane
Erigeron glabellus
Bitter fleabane
Erigeron acris
•
Common on roadsides
Non-Native Plant Identification
•
Interior Alaska on welldrained soils & roadsides
Subalpine fleabane
Erigeron peregrinus
•
Common in moist
woodlands and alpine
meadows
15
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Native Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) - Asters
•
•
•
•
pappus
flowerheads with white to blue ray flowers and yellow disc flowers
flowerheads on leafy scapes
Sandy soils, including roadsides
Arctic aster
Aster sibiricus
•
•
Common on roadsides
Sandy soil
Sunflower Family (Asteraceae). Key to the genera
(adapted from Hultén 1968, Cody 1996, Douglas et al. 1998, Gubanov et al. 2004):
Heads with both disk
flowers and ray flowers
Group 1
Non-Native Plant Identification
Heads with only disk
flowers
Heads with only ray
flowers
Group 2
Group 3
16
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Heads with both disk
flowers and ray flowers
Group 1
Plant
with
basil
leaves
only,
head
solitary
Plant with leafy stem, heads
more than 1
Stem
with
scalelike
leaves
Stem with ordinary leaves
Achenes with 2-4
stiff bristles
Leaves
opposit
e at
least
below
Leaves
large,
cordat
e
Receptacl
e chaffy
Leaves
alternate,
pinnately
dissected
Leave
s
lobed
Ray
flowers
10-30
mm
long
Leaves
finely
divided
Into
linear
segments
Receptacle
flat
Leaves
alternat
e
Involucra
l bracts
in 2 or
more
rows
Receptacle
conical
Leaves
opposit
e
Heads on
leafy
branchlets
Heads
on
naked
stalks
Involucra
l bracts
in 1 row
Aster
Erigeron
Arnica
Senecio
Solidago
Leucanthemu
m
Dendranthema
Matricaria
Tripleuro
spermum
Achillea
Anthemis
Tanacetu
m
Bidens
Helianthu
s
Petasites
Bellis
Pappus of
hairlike bristles
Leaves
alternat
e
pinnatel
y
disseced
Tanacetum
(vulgare)
Bidens
Plants green,
not woolly
Flowers white, pink,
purplish, blue, not
yellow
Leaves
spiny
Stem
leaves
scalelike
Stem
leaves
ordinar
y
Leaves
not at all
bristly or
spiny
Heads
in
panicle
s
Heads
not in
panicle
s
All
leaves
finely
divided
Involucral
bracts
hooked at
the tip
Heads
small,
numerous,
in
panicles
Upper
leaves
entire
sheathin
g
Arctium
Artemisia
Cotula
Matricaria
Antennaria
Leaves
alternat
e
Heads in
congeste
d clusters
Gnaphalium
Leaves
opposit
e
Petasite
s
All disk
flowers
small,
tubelik
e
Senecio
Centaurea
Carduus
Cirsium
Non-Native Plant Identification
Infolucra
l bracts
not
hooked
Flowers yellow
Arnica
Marginal
disk
flowers
big,
funnelfor
m
Pappus lacking
Plants more or
less whitewoolly
Aster
Papus
bristles
merely
barbe
d or
smoot
h
Leaves
simple or
pinnately
dissected
into broad
lobes
Heads with only disk
flowers
Pappus of 2-4 stiff
bristles
Pappus
bristles
feather
y
Ray flowers
white, pink,
or blue
Ray flowers
yellow or
orange
Receptacl
e naked
Ray
flowers
2-3
mm
long
Group 2
Leaves
opposite
at least
below
Pappus with
long hairs
Pappus lacking
17
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Heads with only ray flowers
juice milky
Group 3
plant with leafy stem
plant with leafless stem
Achenes
beakless
flowering
stalk hollow
with no
scalelike
bracts
flowering
stalk
with
scalelike
bracts
achens
with
long
beak
Achenes
beaked
Pappus of
bristles
Pappus
lacking
Flowers yellow or
orange
achenes
without
beak
Leaves
spiny
Flowers purple,
lavender, pink, or
white
leaves
broad,
wide (not
grasslike)
leaves
grasslike
parallelveined
Leaves
not spiny
Involucra
l bracts
in single
series
Florets
5
Involucral
bracts in 2
or more
series,
overlappin
g
Florets
6-30+
Tragopogon
Lactuca
Mycelis
Premamthes
Hieracium
Crepis
Sonchus
Cichorium
Leontodon
Hypochaeris
Taraxacum
List of resources: Floras
Weed books (with comments of Irina Lapina and Michael Shephard)
•
Hultén, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University
Press, Stanford, CA. 1008 pp. Good reference, included all non-natives at the time
he wrote the b ook and most natives growing on disturb ed sites.
•
Cody, W. Flora of the Yukon Territory.
•
Douglas, G.W., G.B. Straley, D. Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1998. Illustrated flora of
British Columbia. vol. 1-8. British Columbia: Ministry of Environment, Lands and
Parks, Ministry of Forests. Good for weed ID. It is very good for Asteraceae.
•
Pojar, J. and A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. It has
many exotics with good hab itat description and notes ab out nativity and
distrib ution, good for SC and SE Alaska
•
Whitson, T. D., L. C. Burrill, S. A. Dewey, D. W. Cudney, B. E. Nelson, R. D. Lee, R.
Parker. 2000. Weeds of the West. The Western Society of Weed Science in
cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Universities, Cooperative
Extension Services. University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming. 630 pp. Good
b asic, photographs
•
Royer, F. and R. Dickinson. 1999. Weeds of the Northern US and Canada. Perhaps
is b est, especially in comb ination with Weeds of the West.
•
Bossard, C.C., J.M. Randall, M.C. Hoshovsky, 2000. Invasive plants of California’s
wildlands. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 360 p. is very good. It has
few species occurring in Alaska with good description of impact on natural
communities. Available online:
http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/Publications/Invasive_Plants_of_California_Wildland
s.htm
•
DiTomaso, J.M. and E.A. Healy. 2003. Aquatic and riparian weeds of the west.
University of California. 442 p.
•
Guide to Weeds in British Columbia. Available online:
http://www.weedsbc.ca/pdf/GuidetoWeeds.pdf
•
AKEPIC 2005 - Invasive Plants of Alaska. 294 p.
Non-Native Plant Identification
18
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
List of web sites on invasive plants
Description, distribution in NA, impact on wildland, images
•
Wilson’s Key to Hieracium species of the Pacific North West
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/publications/00230/Hawkweed%20key_PNW_R3-June06.pdf
•
Forest Health Protection. Alaska Region. http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/spf/fhp Canada thistle, Japanese knotweed,
orange hawkweed, and spotted knapweed leaflets and Selected invasive plants of Alaska – pocket guide.
•
Alaska Natural Heritage Program at UAA http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/ Download and print invasive plant
b ios.
•
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service). 2002. The
PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 708744490 USA.
•
Fire Effect Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research
Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
•
Colorado State University Cooperative Extension http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/natres/pubnatr.html
•
Ohio perennial and biennial weed guide. Ohio State University http://www.oardc.ohiostate.edu/weedguide/listallscifi.asp Good plants description.
•
Montana plant life. http://montana.plant-life.org/index.html
•
Rutledge, C R. and T. McLendon. 1996. An Assessment of Exotic Plant Species of Rocky Mountain National
Park. Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science, Colorado State University. 97pp. Jamestown, ND:
Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/explant/explant.htm Hab itats, impact on parks communities.
•
Butterfield, C., J. Stubbendieck, and J. Stumpf. 1996. Species abstracts of highly disruptive exotic plants.
Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/exoticab/exoticab.htm
•
Virginia Natural Heritage Program http://www.dcr.state.va.us/dnh/index.html
List of web sites on invasive plants
Description, distribution in NA, impact on wildlands, images
•
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/NaturalResources.html
•
Pest management. Ministry of Agriculture, Food , and Fisheries, Government of British Columbia
http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/weedguid/weedindx.htm Wonderful photographs!
•
California Invasive Plant Council http://groups.ucanr.org/ceppc/
•
Weeds gone wild. Alien plant invaders of natural areas. The plant conservation alliance’s Alien plant
working group. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/index.htm
•
Center for invasive plant management. Department of Land Resources and Environmental Science,
Montana State University. http://www.weedcenter.org/ Good general basic. Links to other resources.
•
Invasive plants of natural habitats in Canada. http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/publications/inv/cont_e.cfm
•
Invaders Database System. The University of Montana. 2003. Montana Noxious Weed Trust Fund.
Department of Agriculture. http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/ Listing of noxious weed in US and Canada.
Non-Native Plant Identification
19
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
Reports on non-native plant survey in Alaska
available at Alaska Natural Heritage Program web site
http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/
•
DeVelice, R.L. 2003. Non-native plant inventory: Kenai Trails. R10-TP-124. USDA Forest Service,
Chugach National Forest, Anchorage, AK. 24 p.
http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/literature_akweeds.htm
•
Duffy, M. 2003. Non-native plants of Chugach National Forest: A preliminary inventory. R10-TP-111.
USDA Forest Service, [Anchorage, AK]. 92 p.
•
Heutte, T. and E. Bella. 2003. Invasive plants and exotic weeds of Southeast Alaska. USDA Forest
Service, State and Private Forestry and Chugach National Forest. [Anchorage, AK]. 79 p.
•
Lapina, I. and M.L. Carlson. 2005. Non-native plant species of Susitna, Matanuska, and Copper
River Basins: Summary of survey findings and recommendations for control actions. Final report for
USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Anchorage, AK. 64 p.
•
Nolen, A. 2002. Vetch infestations in Alaska. Prepared for: Alaska Department of Transportation and
Public Facilities. Alaska Plant Materials Center, Division of Agriculture. Department of Natural
Resources, [Palmer, AK]. 38 p.
•
Densmore , R.V., P.C. McKee and C. Roland. 2001. Exotic Plants in Alaskan National Park Units.
U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Biological Science Center and Denali National Park and Preserve.
[Anchorage, AK]. 150 p. Includes result of surveys in Denali National Park and Preserve, Wrangell-St.
Elias National Park and Preserve, Kenai Fjords National Park, Sitka National Historical Park, and
Katmai National Park and Preserve.
Interior Species
Non-Native Plant Identification
20
Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae
June 22, 2006
South-Coastal Species
Arctic Species
Non-Native Plant Identification
21