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Transcript
A Bit of Taxonomy… Today: • Comments on Sexual Encounters? • Onto Prokaryotes • Ubiquity Survey • Meeting the Protists • The Fungi and Beyond? Studying Diversity: Taxonomy Looking at the Prokaryotes Domain (Eukarya) Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Primata) Genus (Homo) Species (sapiens) Where Did the First Life Come From? Where Did the First Life Come From? Step 1: Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers Spontaneous Generation?? Hey look! I’ve got amino acids, sugars, lipids and nucleotides in here! Biogenesis? Photo: NIH 1 Where Did the First Life Come From? Step 2: Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers (like proteins and nucleic acids) Where Did the First Life Come From? Step 3: Origin of Self-Replication Molecules Binding to clay particles may have helped facilitate this in the absence of enzymes! Where Did the First Life Come From? Step 4: Formation of Pre-Cells (Protobionts) Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics What Did the First Life Look Like? Prokaryotes show up in the fossil record ~3.5 billion years ago! Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics They’re ubiquitous! How do we know that if they’re so small?!? Bacteria in a dental plague Bacteria on the surface of a contact lens. 2 Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics Two Major Groups: 1. 2. Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics Three Major Shapes/Morphologies: Bacteria 1. 2. Archaea (“Extremophiles”) 3. Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics Nutritionally Diverse! May be: 1. Photoautotrophic 2. Chemoautotrophic All of these terms 3. Photoheterotrophic describe how you get 4. Chemoheterotrophic your energy (chemical or light source) and where you get your carbon compounds (make them yourself, or eat others!) Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics Important as Disease Causing Agents! Many cause disease through the production of endotoxins or exotoxins Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics Important as Nutrient Cyclers! Cocci Bacilli Spirochetes You Try! Questions 1 & 2 Some pointers… What question will you ask? 3 Next Up: Evolution of the Protistans! What the heck is a Protist?!? Evolution of the Protistans Diversity of the Protistans Diversity of the Protistans 1. The Protozoans – animal like protists 2. The Slime Molds (Fungus-like Protists) Single-celled, animal-like eukaryotes Free-living and parasitic in moist environments Can reproduce sexually or asexually Some famous Protozoans: Giardia and Tyrpanosoma Giardia lamblia trophozoites, as they appear with the scanning electron microscope. Original image by Arturo Gonzalez, CINVESTAV, Mexico. Diversity of the Protistans Let’s Watch… 3. The Unicellular Algae Most are components of phytoplankton (basis of food webs; global carbon sink!) 4 Diversity of the Protistans The Protistans: The Single-Celled Algae Famous Single-Celled Algae: Red Tide, Pfiesteria 4. The Multicellular Algae Three major groups: 1. Red Algae 2. Brown Algae 3. Green Algae You Try: Part 3 Source: www.redtide.whoi.edu; www.pfeisteria.org Onto the Fungi: Major Characteristics Next Up: Going Multicellular and Heading for Land! You Try: Part 4 The Fungi: General Layout HETEROTROPHIC (use organic compounds for energy) Can be SAPROBES (nutrients from nonliving organic matter) or PARASITES (extract nutrients from a living host) EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION EUKARYOTIC The Fungi: General Layout 5 The Zygomycetes The Major Fungi Groups Pilobolusdecomposes animal dung! Mycorrhizae The Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes) Fairy Rings Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs and rusts Important decomposers of wood and plant material Plant Pathogens! WHY?? Incredible Fungal Growth: Why Spores?? 6 Lichens: A Fungal Lifestyle Lichens: A Fungal Lifestyle What will life on land be like?!? Thinking About the Plants… The Bryophytes Mosses, liverworts and hornworts Nonvascular plant (short!) Dependent on moist habitat Life Cycle of a Typical Moss (Bryophyte) 7 Drought-Tolerant Mosses Many species of moss can survive drastic plasmolysis. Rehydrated plants repair most internal damage within minutes (drought repair genes!). Respiration resumes in minutes; photosynthesis resumes within 24 hours! Scientists at the USDA are eager to learn more about these drought resistant genes! Seedless Vascular Plants: A Typical Fern Lifecycle Whisk ferns, lycophytes, horsetails and ferns Much larger (true vascular tissues!) Still dependent on water for reproduction Which generation is “dominant”? How does this compare to the mosses?? The Beginning of a Trend? 8 The Gymnosperms “Naked Seeds” 3 Major Adaptations: 1. 2. 3. Continued reduction of gametophyte Evolution of the seed Evolution of pollen Gymnosperms Ovules and seed develop on the surface of specialized leaves called scales Arabidopsis thaliana pollen grains Microscopy by Juergen Berger, computer image manipulation by Heiko Schoof The Seed Into the Angiosperms! OVULE After fertilization, the ovule develops into a SEED. Angiosperms: The Flowering Plants Fruits are Mature Ovaries! Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal. Ovary wall becomes the thickened wall of the fruit. 9 Quick Scavenger Hunt! (In-Class, Part 1) With your group, find one example of each of the four major groups! 10