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Biology 3B
Lecture Study Guide 1
Chapter 25:
History of Life on Earth
Know the brief history of life as discussed in class. Know what the spontaneous generation is. What’s biogenesis? Know
the 4 hypothesized stages for the origins of life. Know the general makeup of the early atmosphere – was it a reducing or
oxidizing atmosphere & why? What was the first genetic material and why? What are ribozymes and how they work?
What are protobionts? Early metabolic pathway? How has the fossil record illustrated intermediate steps between present
day mammals and our early synapsid ancestors? Understand the origins of mitochondria and plastids (autogenous vs
endosymbiotic). What’s the Cambrian explosion? Allopatric speciation? Adaptive radiation? Mass extinctions? Cause for
major changes in body form rate, timing & spatial pattern (homeotic genes). Heterochrony and paedomorphosis? How
did changes in gene regulation affect changes in body form? What are HOX genes? Understand plate technoics and
continental drift (Pangea, Laurasia & Gondwana). How did this affect living organisms?Contribution to mass extinctions?
Is evolution goal oriented?
Scientists: Oparin, Haldane, Miller & Urey, Cech & Altman, Gould & Eldridge (any other discussed but not listed here)
Chapter 26:
Phylogeny & the Tree of Life
Be able to diagram a cladogram. Phylogeny & systematics? Understand how to interpret a cladograms. Know the
difference between monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups. Outgroup vs ingroup comparison, taxon,
synapomorphies, pleisomorphies. Rule of parsimony. Taxonomy & Linnaeus and his classification scheme. Be able to
read a phylogenetic tree: taxon, sister taxa, ancestral lineage. What does it mean to be rooted? What’s polytomy?
Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Know the classification of bacteria (Bacteria vs Archaea, Gram (-) vs Gram (+)). Know the morphology of bacteria. Know
the different types of bacterial metabolism and the various modes of nutrition. Understand the various prokaryotic
relationships with oxygen. What is binary fission? Know the difference between gram (+) and gram (–) bacteria
(understand the construction of the cell walls). Could you make a simple sketch of the cell walls of the aforementioned
bacterial types? What is the difference between endotoxins, exotoxins, endospores? Know the general features of
cyanobacteria. What’s the difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction? What’s horizontal gene
transfer? What is taxis? Positive and negative taxis? Know the types of environments in which you find prokaryotes.
Know the symbiotic relationships for prokaryotes. Know Koch’s postulates and why it’s utilized. Usefulness and dangers
of prokaryotes – know the disease causing organism and the disease they cause (as discussed in class) – I think we only
discussed one or two (Lyme disease and Rocky Mtn spotted fever). Understand the significance of the F and R plasmids.
What’s Hfr? How does Griffith’s experiments tie in with plasmids? Which prokaryotes have introns, peptidoglycan, and
histone proteins? Koch’s postulates, Scientists:
Koch, Griffith, Semmelweiss, Lister, Pasteur, van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Gram
Chapter 28: Protists
Know the general characteristics for protists as a group. know the various modes of nutrition for protists. What’s the
difference between protozoa and algae? Understand endosymbiotic relationships for eukaryotes. What is the difference
between primary, secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis? How many membranes will “organelles” contain after the three
aforementioned endosymbiotic events? Know the 5 supergroups for protists (Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria,
Archaeplastida and Unikonta) and the very basic features for each group. If given several protists, be able to place them
into the correct supergroup (also land plants, fungi and us). What’s the major characteristic for Alveolates, Euglenozoans,
Know the various protests discussed in class and their biological significance if any. Know the importance of algae. What
causes red tides, malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chaga’s disease, amoebic dysentery, etc.? What are the conditions
for red tides? Which are bioluminescent? Know the water conditions which brown, red and green algae favor. Which
type of algae are you consuming if you’re at the sushi bar? Which algae are components of coral reefs? Know the
morphological features of algae. Know the various groups of protists discussed in class. If there’s a disease, know it.
Know the following organisms: Giardia; Trichomonas, Euglena, Trypanosoma, dinoflagellates; Plasmodium;
Paramecium; red algae; brown algae; amoeba; foraminifera; radiolarian; green algae, diatoms,
Chapter 31: Fungi
Know the characteristics of fungi. Know the difference between saprobic, parasitic and mutualistic fungi. Know the
morphological features of fungi. Know: mycelium, plasmogamy, karyogamy, chitin, hyphae, coenocytic, haustoria,
mycorrhizae, septated vs nonseptated fungi. Heterokaryotic, dikaryotic, haploid, diploid stages in the lifecycle of the 3
groups of fungi. Know the general features in the 3 different fungal phyla and the one nontaxonomic (deuteromycota –
discussed in lab) grouping. Which are the important decomposing group? What are lichens? Role of pheromones? You
will have one fungal lifecycle in the written section. Know the ecological and economic importance of fungi. What are
mycoses? Know the difference between systemic, cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic & subcutaneous diseases caused
by fungi. Understand the life cycles for the fungal groups.