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Biology 7 Study Guide – Exam #1 This is a list of general topics you should be prepared to answer questions on for each chapter. This guide is NOT what you should study but rather is a guide to help organize your studying of the material listed. Your actual studying should involve the Powerpoint slides, your notes and textbook. Keep in mind that you will not be tested on material in the book that was not covered in class, and you should know the new terminology for each chapter (see terms in bold type). Chapter 26 (Phylogeny and the Tree of Life) the concepts of taxonomy and phylogeny the taxonomic hierarchy binomial nomenclature concepts of sister taxa, basal taxon, being “rooted”, polytomy analogous vs homologous structures how DNA sequence alignment reveals DNA homology and how DNA homology is used to construct phylogenies the concept of a clade monophyletic groups (i.e., clades) vs polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups shared ancestral vs shared derived characters constructing a phylogenetic tree using a character table the principles of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and phylogenetic bracketing orthologous vs paralogous genes the concept of a molecular clock and its shortcomings sample questions: 1. Indicate all taxons in the taxonomic hierarchy in descending order. 2. Distinguish orthologous genes from paralagous genes. Chapters 27 (Bacteria & Archaea) prokaryotic morphologies – coccus, bacillus, spiral (vibrio, spirillum, spirochete) bacterial cell wall structure – gram-positive vs gram-negative other external prokaryotic structures – capsules, pili, fimbriae, endospores, flagella internal prokaryotic structures – membrane infoldings, nucleoid, chromosome, plasmids bacterial reproduction and diversity– binary fission, short generation times, mutation the 4 types of horizontal gene transfer – transformation, transduction, conjugation, Hfr conjugation terminology for metabolism – phototroph vs chemotroph, autotroph vs heterotroph oxygen tolerance – aerobic vs anaerobic, obligate vs facultative concepts of nitrogen fixation and metabolic cooperation general characteristics of each bacterial group and examples of each pathogenic bacteria and the diseases they cause general characteristics of archaea, similarities with eukaryotes roles of bacteria in recycling of nutrients (decomposition), research and technology symbiotic relationships with other organisms – mutualism, commensalism, parasitism sample questions: 1. Describe the basic structure and function of an endospore. 2. Describe the process of bacterial conjugation and indicate how it differs from Hfr conjugation. Chapter 28 (Protists) protists no longer comprise a single, unified kingdom the general characteristics of protists the concepts of endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis general characteristics and evolutionary relatedness of the 4 protist supergroups – Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta characteristics of key groups within each supergroup and examples of each: o Excavata – Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenozoans (Kinetoplastids, Euglenids) o SAR clade – Stramenopiles (diatoms, golden algae, brown algae), Alveolates (Apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, ciliates), Rhizarians (radiolarians, forams, cercozoans) o Archaeplastida – red algae, green algae (chlorophytes, charophytes) o Unikonta – slime molds (plasmodial & cellular), tubulinids (amoebozoa), entamoebas the alternation of generations protists that are human pathogens and the diseases that they cause the life cycle of Plasmodium (cause of malaria) conjugation in ciliates such as Paramecium the life cycles of plasmodial vs cellular slime molds sample questions: 1. Describe the general characteristics of Parabasalids and provide one example. 2. Describe the life cycle of a plasmodial or cellular slime mold. Chapter 31 (Fungi) general characteristics, structures of fungi roles of mycorrhizae in symbioses with plants general asexual and sexual life cycles of fungi o plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis characteristics, evolutionary relatedness and examples of the major fungal groups o chytrids o zygomycetes o glomeromycetes o ascomycetes o basidiomycetes o lichens distinguishing features of asexual and sexual life cycles of zygomycetes, ascomycetes and basidiomycetes important ecological roles of fungi fungal diseases of plants and animals practical uses of fungi for humans sample questions: 1. Describe the general characteristics of lichens and why they are so important ecologically. 2. Indicate how the sexual life cycles of zygomycetes and ascomycetes differ. Chapter 29 (Plant Diversity I – Bryophytes & Seedless Vascular Plants) fossil and molecular evidence indicates plants colonized land ~500 million years ago charophytes (a type of green algae) are the closest living relatives of plants Key derived traits of land plants: o alternation of generations o multicellular dependent embyros o walled spores produced in sporangia o multicellular gametangia o apical meristems o cuticle, stomata, mycorrhizae evolutionary relatedness of the main groups of seedless plants (vascular and nonvascular) characteristics of nonvascular plant groups: o mosses (Bryophyta) o liverworts (Hepatophyta) o hornworts (Anthocerophyta) moss life cycle characteristics of seedless vascular plant groups and examples of each: o Lycophyta – club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts o Monilophyta – ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns fern life cycle key structural adaptations of vascular plants o phloem, xylem, roots o leaves – microphylls, megaphylls o sporophylls, sori and strobili o heterosporous vs homosporous sample questions: 1. Describe the characteristics of male and female gametangia and their roles in the sexual life cycle of nonvascular plants. 2. Indicate the general roles of phloem and xylem in plants. Chapter 30 (Plant Diversity II – Seed Plants) Key derived traits of seed plants: o seeds o reduced gametophytes o heterospory o ovules o pollen evolutionary relatedness of the main groups of seed plants characteristics and examples of gymnosperms: o Cycadophyta (cycads) o Gingkophyta o Gnetophyta o Coniferophyta (conifers) pine life cycle key derived traits of angiosperms – flowers and fruits structure and function of flowers angiosperm life cycle various mechanisms of pollen and seed dispersal, key roles of animals characteristics of monocots and eudicots Amborella, water lilies and star anise are basal angiosperms Magnoliids evolved after basal angiosperms but before monocots and eudicots sample questions: 1. Indicate 3 structural differences between monocots and eudicots. 2. Describe the general roles of each of the following flower structures – carpel, stamen, petal. Extra credit article “Tiny Plants that Once Ruled the Seas” by Ronald Martin and Antonietta Quigg, Scientific American, June 2013, pp. 40-45.