Download Biology 1B – Lecture Final Study Guide

Biology 3B
Lecture Study Guide 1
Chapter 25:
History of Life on Earth
Know the brief history of life as discussed in class. Know what the spontaneous generation is. What’s biogenesis? Know the 4
hypothesized stages for the origins of life. Know the generalized makeup of the early atmosphere – was it a reducing or oxidizing
atmosphere & why? What was the first genetic material and why? What are ribozymes and how they work? What’s the RNA
hypothesis? What are protobionts? Early metabolic pathway? How has the fossil record illustrated intermediate steps between
present day mammals and our early synapsid ancestors? What’s the “oxygen revolution” and what did that cause? Understand the
origins of mitochondria and plastids (autogenous vs endosymbiotic). What’s the evidence for the endosymbiotic origins? What’s
the Cambrian explosion? Punctuated equilibrium? Allopatric speciation? Adaptive radiation? Mass extinctions? Cause for major
changes in body form  rate, timing & spatial pattern (homeotic genes). Heterochrony and paedomorphosis? How did changes in
gene regulation affect changes in body form? What are HOX genes? Understand plate technoics and continental drift (Pangea,
Laurasia & Gondwana). How did this affect living organisms? Contribution to mass extinctions? Is evolution goal oriented?
Scientists: Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Pasteur, Oparin and Haldane, Miller & Urey, Cech & Altman, Gould & Eldridge (any
other discussed but not listed here)
Chapter 26:
Phylogeny & the Tree of Life
Be able to diagram a cladogram and phylogenetic tree. What’s a clade? Phylogeny & systematics? Understand how to interpret a
cladograms (know the terms: pleisomorphy, apomorphy, synapomorphy, sympleisomorphy) and phylogenetic trees. Where on a
phylogenetic tree will you see speciation events, which taxa are more closely related? Know the difference between monophyletic,
paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups. What’s a sister group? Extinct vs extant species on a phylogenetic tree. Outgroup vs ingroup
comparison, taxon, apomorphy, synapomorphies, pleisomorphies. Rule of parsimony. Taxonomy & Linnaeus and his classification
scheme. Be able to read a phylogenetic tree: taxon, sister taxa, ancestral lineage. What does it mean to be rooted? You’re headed
to medical school or other allied health graduate program, why should you understand cladistics and relatedness?
Scientists: Linnaeus
Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Where do you find prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea? Know the classification of bacteria (Bacteria vs Archaea, Gram (-) vs Gram
(+)). Know the morphology of bacteria. Know the different types of bacterial metabolism and the various modes of nutrition.
Understand the various prokaryotic relationships with oxygen. What is binary fission? Know the difference between Gram (+) and
gram (–) bacteria (understand the construction of the cell walls). Could you make a simple sketch of the cell walls of the
aforementioned bacterial types? What’s the function of anitbiotics (broad spectrum vs narrow spectrum or both)? What the
difference between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics? What is the similarities and difference between endotoxins,
exotoxins, endospores? What’s the role of the glycocalyx? Know the general features of cyanobacteria. What is taxis - positive and
negative taxis? Know the types of environments in which you find prokaryotes. Know the symbiotic relationships for prokaryotes.
What’s the role of the internal membranes in prokaryotes? How much DNA and what’s the plasmid? What similar in how
prokaryotes and eukaryotes complete DNA replication, transcription & translation? Why are there so many bacteria? What’s the
difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction? What’s horizontal gene transfer? What are bacteria genetically
variable and diverse? Know Koch’s postulates and why it’s utilized. Usefulness and dangers of prokaryote? Understand the
significance of the F and R plasmids. What’s Hfr? How does Griffith’s experiments tie in with plasmids? Which prokaryotes have
introns, peptidoglycan, and histone proteins? Know the four nutritional modes for prokaryotes: photoautotroph/heterotroph and
chemoautotroph/heterotroph. Which ones use CO2 as opposed to organic compounds as a carbon source? Which ones use light,
inorganic or organic chemicals as an energy source? Oxygen preferences: obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes and facultative
anaerobes. What’s a biofilm? Heterocysts and nitrogen fixation.
Scientists: Koch, Griffith, Semmelweiss, Lister, Pasteur, van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Gram
Chapter 28: Protists
Know the general characteristics for protists as a group. know the various modes of nutrition for protists. What’s the difference
between protozoa and algae? Understand endosymbiotic relationships for eukaryotes. What is the difference between primary,
secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis? How many membranes will “organelles” contain after the three aforementioned
endosymbiotic events? Know the 4 supergroups for protists (Excavata, SAR – Strameopile, Alveolata, Rhizaria), Archaeplastida and
Unikonta) and the very basic features for each group. If given several protists and other organisms, be able to place them into the
correct supergroup (also land plants, fungi and us). What’s the major characteristic for Excavata (Trypanosoma & Euglena), SAR:
Stramenopile (Diatoms and brown algae – gametophyte vs sporophyte ploidy number) Aveolata (dinoflagellates, ciliates), Rhizaria
(forams, radiolarians), Archeoplastida (red and green algae, Volvox) and Unikonta (amoeba). Know the various protists discussed in
class and their biological significance if any. Know the importance of algae. What’s zooxanthellae/zoochorellae? What causes red
tides, malaria, African sleeping sickness, Chaga’s disease, amoebic dysentery, etc.? What’s a biological vector? What are the
conditions for red tides? Which are bioluminescent? Know the water conditions which brown, red and green algae favor. Which
type of algae are you consuming if you’re at the sushi bar? Which algae are components of coral reefs? Know the morphological
features of algae. Know the various groups of protists discussed in class. If there’s a disease, know it. What’s the role of protists
ecological role (producer, endosymbiont,
Know the following organisms: Giardia; Trichomonas, Euglena, Trypanosoma, dinoflagellates; Plasmodium; Paramecium; red algae;
brown algae; amoeba; foraminifera; radiolarian; green algae, diatoms, Ciliates (Stentor, Blepharisma, Paramecium)
Chapter 31: Fungi
Know the characteristics of fungi. Where do you find fungi living? Ecological roles? Know the difference between saprobic, parasitic
and mutualistic fungi. Know the morphological features of fungi. Know: mycelium, plasmogamy, karyogamy, chitin, hyphae,
coenocytic, haustoria, mycorrhizae (ecto and arbuscular), septated vs nonseptated fungi. Heterokaryotic, dikaryotic, haploid, diploid
stages in the lifecycle of the 3 groups of fungi. Know the generalized fungi life cycle – what’s produced during asexual and sexual
stages and then understand the general features in the 3 different fungal phyla and the one nontaxonomic (deuteromycota –
discussed in lab) grouping. Which are the important decomposing group? Know the fungal structures for zygomycetes (sporangium,
sporophore, zygosporangium), Glomeromycetes (mycorrhizae), ascomycetes (ascus, ascocarp  apothecium, cleistothecium &
perithecium, conidia,ascospores, coinidiophore) and basidiomycetes (basidiocarp, basidia, basidiospores). Dueteromycetes and
imperfect fungi – what’s not known? What are lichens? Role of pheromones? You will have one fungal lifecycle in the written
section. Know the ecological and economic importance of fungi. What are mycoses? Know the difference between systemic,
cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic & subcutaneous diseases caused by fungi. Understand the life cycles for the fungal groups –
you will have one as short answer question. Antibiotics?