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CHAPTER 17 HEAT AND THE ATMOSPHERE 17.2 HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE • ENERGY FOR METEOROLOGY ORIGINATES IN THE SUN • EARTH RECIEVES ONE 2 BILLIONTH OF SUNS ENERGY INFRARED LONGWAVE UV LIGHT SHORTWAVE HOW HEAT ENERGY MOVES 1. RADIATION TRANSFER OF ENERGY THROUGH EMPTY SPACE BY VISIBLE LIGHT, UV AND OTHER ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY THE WAY ENERGY FROM THE SUN GETS HERE – RADIANT ENERGY IS ABSORBED BY EARTH AND CHANGED TO HEAT! 2. CONDUCTION DIRECT TRANSFER OF HEAT ENERGY FROM ONE OBJECT TO ANOTHER BY COLLISIONS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES 3. CONVECTION HEAT ENERGY TRANSFERED THROUGH A LIQUID OR GAS BY MOTION DUE TO DENSITY TEMPERATURE ATOMS AND MOLECULES ARE IN CONSTANT MOTION FASTER = MORE K.E TEMPERATURE IS THE MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE KINECTIC ENERGY IN A SUBSTANCE HEAT HEAT – MEASURE OF THE TOTAL KINECTIC ENERGY OF A SUBSTANCE EX TWO CUPS OF COFFEE, ONE LARGE ONE SMALL AT THE SAME TEMP OR ICECUBE MELTING THERMOMETER – MEASURES TEMP NOT HEAT (CELCIUS) TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOT COLD STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE 120 110 100 THERMOSPHERE 90 Height above ground (kilometers) The atmosphere is divided into layers based on temperature. Mesopause 80 70 MESOPHERE 60 50 Stratopause 40 30 STRATOSPHERE 20 Tropopause 10 TROPOSPHERE 0 -120 COLDER -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 WARMER TROPOSPHERE This is the layer that is closest to the surface of the earth Where most weather occurs It’s elevation ranges from 0 to 10 km STRATOSPHERE • This layer sits on top of the troposphere • It’s elevation ranges from 10 km to around 25 km • This layer contains the ozone layer, which absorbs UV light Mesosphere This layer is above the stratosphere It’s elevation ranges from 25 to 100 km Thermosphere This is the highest layer of the atmosphere It’s height ranges from 100 to 400 km This is where most small meteorites burn up and is also the location in the atmosphere that the northern lights occur (aurora borealis) IONOSPHERE IONS ARE FORMED WHEN ULTRAVIOLET RAYS FROM THE SUN STRIPS ELECTRONS FROM ATOMS OF 0XYGEN AND NITROGEN IONS FROM SOLAR FLARES GET DEFLECTED BY EARTHS MAGNETIC FIELD TO THE N AND S POLES AND INTERACT WITH AIR MOLECULES. PRODUCES THE AURORA BOREALIS NORTHERN LIGHTS INSOLATION AND THE ATMOSPHERE INSOLATION – INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION GLOBAL ENERGY BUDGET IN BALANCE – 100 UNITS FROM SUN – 30 REFLECTED BACK TO SPACE – 70 UNITS ABSORBED AND 70 RADIATED BACK TO SPACE – MORE OR LESS RADIATED MEANS RISE OR FALL IN GLOBAL TEMP 100 units of insolation 30 units reflected or scattered back to space 6 units radiate to space from Earth’s surface A total of 64 units radiated back into space via the atmosphere Atmosphere absorbs 19 units Earth’s surface absorbs 51 units 15 units radiate from surface to atmosphere Evaporation transfers 23 units to atmosphere Conduction and convection transfer 7 units to atmosphere HEAT BUDGET OF EARTH AND THE ATMOSPHERE MOST OF THE ATMOSPHERE’S ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE EARTH’S SURFACE BY RADIATION, CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, EVAPORATION AND CONDENSATION – ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF WEATHER ENERGY TRANSFERRED BACK TO ATMOSPHERE AS INFRARED RADIATION CO2 AND H2O IN ATMOSPHERE ABSORBS MOST OF THE IR RADIATION – GREENHOUSE EFFECT WITHOUT ATMOSPHERE 330C COLDER