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GEOGRAPHY BASICS
Location/Maps/
Regions/Geography Terms
C.J. Cox
GEOGRAPHY BASICS

Location

Maps & Globes

The Concept of Region

Geography Terms
LOCATION

Place Names
– labels for locations
– toponyms

Relative Location
– location relative to other locations
– situation

Exact Location
– geographic grid

(38 °N 120 °W)
latitude & longitude
– site
Location/Geographic Grid
 Location
– relative, exact, place names
 Geographic
Reference Points
– Equator
– North and South Poles
 Geographic
Grid
– Latitude & Longitude
Latitude
GEOGRAPHIC GRID
 Equator
- A circle that divides the
globe into two equal halves or
hemispheres of north and south.
Located at 0 ° latitude
GEOGRAPHIC GRID
 North
and South Poles - located at right
angles or 90° from the plane of
the equator.
90
0
Parallels are circular
lines used to indicate latitude
Meridians are arcs
used to
Prime Meridian:
The meridian,
designated as 0° E,
W longitude,
that passes
through the Royal
Observatory at
Greenwich,
England.
International Date Line: An arc that follows
180° longitude E,W. When crossing the
date line, the calendar is turned forward
or backward one day, depending on
direction of travel.
Latitude is
angular
measurement
north and
south of the
equator
Longitude is
angular
measurement
east and west
of England
GEOGRAPHY BASICS

Location

Maps & Globes

The Concept of Region

Geography Terms
MAPS & GLOBES
 Tools
of the Geographer –
– Globes – round models of the earth
– Maps – flat representations of the earth
– Remote Sensing Images
Photographic
 Satellite collection of data
 Geographic Information Systems

MAPS
 Map:
flat representations of a globe
SCALE
 Scale:
the size
relationship
between what
the map shows
and actual
distance on
the ground
Large scale =
small area
Small scale=
large area
SCALE

Scale: the relationship between units on the
map and actual distance on the ground

Written Scale: one inch equals one mile

Linear or Graphic Scale:
|---------|---------|----------|

Ratio Scale (representative fraction):
1:63,360
GEOGRAPHY BASICS

Location

Maps & Globes

The Concept of Region

Geography Terms
THE CONCEPT OF REGION
THE CONCEPT OF REGION
 Worlds
within worlds
 Areas with unifying characteristics
 Regions may be large or small
– continental or local
– ie. World regions, countries, local regions
 Subregions
– regions within regions
THE CONCEPT OF REGION
 Regions
may be
– economic
– environmental
– historical
– cultural

other ideas?
THE CONCEPT OF REGION
 Formal
Regions - clear definitive regions
– ie.city administrative region
 Functional
Regions - regions that
facilitate interaction between regions
– positive linkages & conflicts
– ie. ethnic regions
World Culture Regions
GEOGRAPHY BASICS

Location

Maps & Globes

The Concept of Region

Geography Terms
GEOGRAPHY TERMS
 Hearth:
The region from which a
phenomenon originates; a center of
innovation.
GEOGRAPHY TERMS
Distance
Decay: The diminishing in
importance and eventual disappearance of
a phenomenon with increasing distance
from its origin.
GEOGRAPHY TERMS
Diffusion:
The spread of a feature or trend
through bodily movement of people or
technology from one region to another.
GEOGRAPHY TERMS
Spatial
Interaction: The movement of
people, goods, and ideas within and among
regions.
GEOGRAPHY TERMS
Acculturation:
The modification of a
culture as a result of contact with a more
prevalent culture.
GEOGRAPHY TERMS
Assimilation:
Complete
integration with dominant
culture. Loss of distinguishing
characteristics of original culture
are lost with the second
generation or later. The child
will be assimilated, while the
parents from another culture will
acculturate.
GEOGRAPHY TERMS
 Distribution
– The regular arrangement of a
phenomenon across Earth’s surface.
GEOGRAPHY TERMS
 Distribution
includes:
Density: How many of something exists
within a given unit of area.
Concentration: clusters or groupings of
something.
Pattern: The geometric or regular
arrangement of something in an area.