Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Ecosystem services wikipedia , lookup
Reforestation wikipedia , lookup
Tropical rainforest wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Natural environment wikipedia , lookup
Pleistocene Park wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Standard I Review Ecology Scientific method • • • • Control? Used for comparison (kept constant) Theory vs. hypothesis Theory is a generalization that unifies many scientific observations. • What is the variable? • What you change. Scientists • New evidence often shows that old theories have problems so what should science do? • Modify and revise the old theories. • In developing a valid theory, scientists often use what? • observations and experiments of other scientists • Ex. Evolution (Darwin), Mendel (genetics), cell theory. What is Biotic? What is abiotic? What does the Ecosystem include? Ecosystem = the biotic and abiotic factors combined Biotic factors = living Abiotic factors = nonliving Some examples are? • • • • Examples of biotic factors? Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, protists Examples of abiotic factors Think of things plants need to survive like water, soil and sun What is a limiting factor? • Abiotic or biotic factors that define weather or not an organism can survive are limiting factors. • Examples of limiting factors are? • food, temperature, water, predators. Name a Symbiotic Interaction and give me an example? Can you put these words in order? Individual, Ecosystem, Biome, Population, Community, Biosphere What happens during geographic isolation? • They can no longer mate and exchange genes with the population which can lead to? • Divergent evolution • Speciation. Why do birds migrate? • What do birds gain by migrating to an area with seasonal abundance? • Think of the energy budget. Nutrition and Energy Flow Autotrophs – Producers – Plants • Heterotrophs – Consumers – – – – Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Decomposers • What do you need to know in order to make a food chain? • What the animal eats. • Go to the board and draw me a food chain. How does energy flow through an ecosystem? What is the primary source of energy for everything? • What is the Primary source of Energy? How do animals get nutrients they need? • BY EATING PLANTS!!!! Food chains • Food chains show how energy and nutrients flow from autotrophs to heterotrophs then eventually to decomposers. • As you move up the food chain does the number of organisms Increase or decrease? • Decrease. • As you move up the food chain, does the amount of energy increase or decrease? Energy Pyramids 10% gets passed on to each level Notice that you lose 90% at each level. So how much Energy is lost between the primary producers and the tertiary consumers? What trophic level has the most organisms? The least organism s? Most energy? Least energy Food chain • • • • What is the energy molecule? ATP Where is it stored? In the bonds. What is a decomposer? And give me an example. • Break down dead stuff releasing carbon in the form of carbon dioxide And putting nitrogen in the soil in a form that plants can use it. • fungi and bacteria • See page 57. How do bacteria or decomposers help the nitrogen cycle? • What does the increase in human population do to the co2 and 02 balance? • Humans breath in what? And take out what? • What kind of things can mess up your Genes or chromosomes? • Radiation type stuff What two factors determine the type of ecosystem? • Temperature and precipitation (rainfall) Does species diversity increase or decrease as you move towards the equator? • Increase. • Why? • The warm moist climate allows plants to grow all year so that they can support a larger community. Start your journey at the north pole • • • • • What is the first biome to circle the north pole? Tundra Any plant life? No much? What are some animals in the tundra? Small animal include lemmings, arctic foxes, hawks, owls reindeer etc. What is permafrost? • In the summer, the top layer will thaw out but the underneath of the topsoil is permanently frozen ground called permafrost. Just south of the tundra is what?• Taiga • It is also called? • The northern coniferous forest is land of fir, hemlock and spruce trees. • Canada, Northern Europe, and Asia. • The topsoil is acidic and has poor minerals as it is made from the decaying pine needles. • Some animals of the tundra are the lynx, snowshoe hare, and caribou. Next, you will most likely run into? • Temperate forests are dominated by broad leafed, hard-wood trees that lose their foliage annually. • The animals that live in the temperate deciduous forests, live there all year long, whereas others, migrate south to the tropical regions during winter. Next, you might hit? • Grassland: Large communities covered with grasses and similar small plants. • If an area receives between 25 and 75 cm of precipitation annually, a grassland usually forms What do we call grasslands in America? And in Africa? • America - prairies, • Africa - called Savannas. Next, you may hit ? • Desert: • An arid region with sparse to almost nonexistent plant life • The driest biome is a desert biome • Desert usually get less than 25 cm of precipitation annually What is a likely adaptation of a desert plant? • Anything that will decrease water loss. • One example is a thick waxy layer, spines, no leaves, stomata that close during the day Do you increase or decrease biodiversity as you move to the equator? • Increase. • Is this good or bad? • good Finally, you are at the equator where there is ? • Tropical rainforests have warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth. • Rain forests receive at least 200 cm of rain annually; some rain forests receive 600 cm. • Most of the nutrients in a tropical rain forest are tied up in the living material Rain fall • • • • • • • • If it gets less than 10 inches (25 cm) of rain it would be considered a ? deseret If an ecosystem receives 10 – 30 inches (25 – 75 cm it is a? Grassland. If it gets 30 – 60 inches ( 75-150 cm) it is? Temperate forest? If it gets 80 inches (200cm) it is a ? Rainforest. What effect do humans have on the ecosystem? • Create conditions that alter the abiotic factors • Like deforestation – • Desertification – • Pollution. What is Rapid growth? • expand exponentially and then die). Graphs J curve Growth is slow at first, then increases rapidly Steady rate of increase What is exponential growth? What is Carrying capacity? Carrying capacity What is Carrying capacity • The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support is its carrying capacity. This is when births exceed deaths. • But if the population overshoots the carrying capacity, deaths will exceed births until it levels off . • The relationship between the Canadian lynx and the snowshoe hair. • What is it called • And explain it. Predator and prey What is the Green house effect? • Carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, traps heat and sends it to earth leading to what? • Global warming. • To reduce effect we do what? • Decrease car emissions (this seems to help the most) • Increase miles per gallon • Recycle • reforestation What chemicals are responsible for the ozone problem? • CFC’s – Chloroflorocarbons. • What chemicals are responsible for acid rain? • Nitric oxide and Sulfuric acid – from burning of fossil fuels. Reintroduction • So when we reintroduce an animal into a new environment we should . . . • Study the animal in its natural environment and notice symbiotic interactions like predatorprey, competition etc. • • • • How would introducing wolves to an ecosystem effect the elk population? They would decrease How would introducing wolves effect the grass population? Increase