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“Unix. The world's first computer virus.” title of Chapter 1 of ‘The Unix Haters Handbook’, written by serious computer scientists ISBN: 1-56884-203-1 1 Classification of Threats Threats may exploit weaknesses in 1. operating system (W32,W95, Linux, etc), 2. applications they infect (W97M, WordPro, X97M, etc) 3. language (HTML, VBS, JS, etc). Delivery of malicious codes to a users machine: 1. the most popular early methods of passing viruses by floppy disk. 2. Internet borne worms, that require no human intervention, once started. 2 Malware, security tools and toolkits: • Malware : any piece of malicious software. • Security tools and toolkits : are designed to be used by security professionals to protect their sites. These can also be used by unauthorized individuals to probe for weaknesses. The purposes, not the approach, makes a program malicious. • Many of the programs that fall in the malware categories have benevolent uses also. 3 Benevolent Uses: • • Worms can be used to distribute computation on idle processors; Trap doors/ back doors are useful for debugging programs; A trapdoor: a code that recognizes some special (unlikely) sequence of inputs or is triggered by being run from a special ID. Some programs require special privileges and authentication to access it. Or they may require long setup (providing many initial values of variables) and authentication. 4 Benevolent Uses of Trap doors and Viruses: While debugging one may want to be able to open the program without going through these procedures. • A trapdoor allows one to activate the program even if something be wrong with the authentication procedure. Viruses can be written to update source code and patch bugs. 5 Classification of Malicious programs: First Method Malicious programs Need Host programs Trap doors Logic Bombs Trojan Horse Viruses Independent Zombie Worms Bacteria A Logic Bomb or a Trojan Horse may be part of a Virus or Worm. 6 Classification of malicious programs: • Programs that do not replicate: consist of fragments of programs that are activated, • • • when the host program is invoked or when in the host program, a specific function is performed. Programs that replicate: consist of • a program fragment (Example : Viruses) Or • an independent program (Example: Worm or bacterium) that, when executed, may produce one or more copies of itself on the same system or some other system. 7 Classification of Malicious Program: The Second Method Malicious Programs Those that won’t replicate Trap Doors Logic Bombs Trojan Horses Those that replicate themselves Viruses Zombie Worms Bacteria *Ref: Fig 19.1 pp.599, Stallings [2003] 8 Malicious Software Malicious software: runs under the user’s authority (without his knowledge and permission); hence can do all that a user can himself do. TYPES: Back doors/ trap doors : allow unauthorized access to your system. • Logic bombs: programmed threats that lie dormant for an extended period of time until they are triggered; at this point, they perform a function that is not the intended function of the program in which they are contained . 9 Triggers for logic Bombs: • • • Logic bombs usually are embedded in programs by software developers who have legitimate access to the system. Triggers for Logic Bombs: Presence or absence of certain files. Particular day of the week or data. Particular user running the application 10 Trojan horses: • Trojan horses: programs that appear to have one function but actually perform another function. • The modern – day Trojan horses resemble a program that the user wishes to run – a game, a spreadsheet, or an editor. • While the program appears to be doing what the user wants, it is also doing something else unrelated to its advertised purpose, and without the user’s knowledge. 11 Examples of Trojan horse attacks: Examples of Trojan horse attacks: 1. A compiler was modified to insert additional code into certain programs as these are compiled. The code creates a trapdoor in the login program that permits the author to log on to the system using a special word. Difficult to discover, by reading the source code of the program. Ref : THOM 84 from Stallings[2003] 12 Examples of Trojan horse attacks (continued) 2. Attach a program to the regular program for listing the user’s files in a particular format. The attached program may change the file permissions to make them readable by any user. After the program is executed, any one can read the files. 13 Viruses: • Viruses: “programs” that modify other programs on a computer, inserting copies of themselves. Viruses:* not distinct programs *need to have some host program, of which they are a part, executed to activate them *executes secretly, when the host program is run. A typical virus, in a computer, takes control of its Disk Operating System. Whenever it comes in contact with any uninfected piece of software, a fresh copy of the virus is attached to the new program. Reference: A malicious program was called a Virus by Cohen. Cohen F.,’Computer Viruses’, Computer Security: A Global Challenge, Elsevier Press, 1984, p143-158 14 Worms: • Worms: programs that propagate from computer to computer on a network, without necessarily modifying other programs on the target machines. • Worms • can run independently; • travel from machine to machine across network connections; • may have portions of themselves running on many different machines. • Worms do not change other programs, although they may carry other code that does (for example, a true virus or a Trojan horse may be implanted by a worm). 15 Worms (continued) • 1. 2. 3. To replicate itself, a worm uses some network vehicle. Examples: Electronic mail: A worm may mail a copy of itself to another system. Remote execution capability: A worm may execute a copy of itself on another system. Remote log-in capability: A worm logs on another system as a user and then uses commands to copy itself to the remote system. In a multiprogramming system, a worm may hide itself by naming itself as a system process. 16 Worms (continued) A Worm may determine whether a host has been infected before copying itself. It may examine the routing tables to locate the addresses of remote machines, to which it may connect, without any information to the owner of the local host. Examples of Worms: Morris 1998 for unix systems, Code Red (July 2001), Code Red II, NIMDA (late 2001) 17 Phases of a virus and a worm: • 1. A worm as well as a virus have the following phases: Dormant phase: activated • on some Date or • by presence of some file or program or • some action like the data on disc exceeding certain limit. Some viruses may not have this stage. 18 Phases of a virus and a worm (continued) 2. Propagation phase: Both a worm and a virus check whether the file/system is already infected. If not, they do the job. 3. Triggering phase: may be caused by some system event. 4. Execution phase: Performs a function Benign function: like showing a message on screen. • Non-benign: to damage/destroy certain files. Viruses are designed to take advantage of the weaknesses of the OS and/or a hardware platform. • 19 Spreading Malware via the Internet Trojan Horse vs Virus: • Whereas a Trojan horse is delivered pre-built, a virus infects. Propagation of Virus: Malicious programs arrived via tapes and disks, and the spread of a virus around the world took many months. Today, Trojan horses, and viruses are network deliverable as *E-mail, *java applets, *ActiveX controls, *javaScripted pages, *CGI-BIN scripts, or as *selfextracting packages. They could arrive as a part of a game or a useful utility, copied from some electronic bulletin board 20 Mobile program Systems Mobile-program system: Ex.: java and ActiveX. This technology became popular with Web servers and browsers, but it is now integrated (e,g, java into Lotus Notes, and ActiveX into Outlook) mail systems. • Security Bugs in both java and ActiveX A mobile program may act as the carrier of a virus. Any mechanism for sharing of files – of programs, data, documents or images – can transfer a virus • 21 Structure of Viruses: In the infected binary, at a known byte location in the file, a virus inserts a signature byte, used to determine if a potential carrier program has been previously infected. • On invoking an infected program, it first transfers control to the virus part. • The virus part infects uninfected executable files. • Secondly it may damage the system in some way. Or like a logic bomb, the damaging action may take place in response to some trigger. • Finally it transfers control to the original program. Usually the first two steps may take so little time, that one may fail to notice any difference. • 22 Normal .COM vs. Infected .COM 23 Structure of a virus program: V() { infectExecutable(); If (triggered()){ Do Damage(); } Jump to main of infected program; } ……………. 24 Structure of a virus program (continued): Void infectExecutable() { file = choose an uninfected executable file; Prepend V to file; } Void doDamage(){ ……. } int triggered(){ Return (some test? 1:0); } 25 Types of Viruses: 1. 2. Types of viruses: Parasitic Viruses: It attaches itself to executable files and replicates, when the infected program is executed, by finding other files to infect. Memory – resident virus: stays in main memory as a part of a system program. Then it infects every program that executes. (Like Terminate and Stay Resident – TSR- programs ) 26 Types of viruses (continued) 3. Boot sector virus: It infects a boot record and spreads when a system is booted from the disk containing the virus. Boot sector contains crucial files. Hence it is made invisible by the OS. boot-sector virus files will not show up in a normal listing of files. 4. Polymorphic virus: Creates copies that are functionally equivalent but have distinctly different bit patterns. Thus signature of each copy will vary and a virus scanner will find it difficult to locate it. 27 Methods used by Polymorphic Viruses for variation in signature Random insertion of superfluous instructions To interchange the order of independent instructions Use of encryption: The virus has a mutation engine which generates a random key and then the engine is altered; the key is stored with the rest of the virus, which is encrypted. When this virus infects another host, the altered mutation engine would generate a different key. Thus every host would carry a different signature for the virus. 28 The Stealth Virus There are two other types: The Stealth virus and the Macro virus. A stealth virus has code in it that seeks to conceal itself from discovery or defends itself against attempts to analyze or remove it. • The stealth virus adds itself to a file or boot sector but, when you examine, it appears normal and unchanged. 29 Methods used by Stealth Virus The stealth virus performs this trickery by staying in memory after it is executed. From, there, it monitors and intercepts your system calls. When the system seeks to open an infected file, the stealth virus displays the uninfected version, thus hiding itself. The four types of viruses, discussed in slides 32 and 33, make an infected file longer than it was, making it easy to spot. There are many techniques to leave the file length and even a check sum unchanged and yet infect. 30 Stealth technique: Keeping the file length unchanged • • For example, many executable files often contain long sequences of zero bytes, which can be replaced by the virus and regenerated. It is also possible to compress the original executable code like the typical Zip programs do, and uncompress before execution and pad with bytes so that the check sum comes out to be what it was. 31 Macros: • • • • • Macro languages are (often) equal in power to ordinary programming languages such as C. A program written in a macro language is interpreted by the application. Macro languages are conceptually no different from so-called scripting languages. Gnu Emacs uses Lisp, most Microsoft applications use Visual Basic script as macro languages. The typical use of a macro in applications, such as MS Word, is to extend the features of the application. 32 Macros (continued) • • Can be used to define a sequence of key-strokes in a macro and to set it up so that when a function key is input, the whole of the sequence is invoked. Some of these macros, know as auto-execute macros, are executed in response to some events, such as….. • • • • • closing a file, opening a file, starting an application, invoking a command such as ‘FileSave’ or pressing a certain key. 33 Auto-executing Macros in WORD Three types of auto-executing Macros: 1.Start-up Auto-execute: executed when WORD is started. 2.Automacro: executes when some event like opening/closing a document, creating a new document, quitting WORD 3.Command:executes when a WORD command, like FileSave) is executed. MS has developed a Macro Virus Protection Tool. It detects suspicious files and alerts the user to the risk of opening them. 34 Macro Viruses • Macro Viruses form a large majority of the total number of viruses today. A macro virus is a piece of self-replicating code inserted into an auto-execute macro. • Once a macro is running, the virus copies itself to other documents. • Another type of hazardous macro is one named for an existing command of an application. 35 Macro Viruses (continued) • • • • Example: If a macro named FileSave exists in the “normal.dot” template of MS Word, that macro is executed whenever you choose the Save command on the File menu. Unfortunately, there is often no way to disable such features. Such macro viruses may be carried in the command part of a text file, a database, a slide presentation or a spreadsheet. The user sees only the data part – and not the command part. So he would not be able to see the malicious code. Ref: For Loveletter virus for OUTLOOK (May 2000) http://all.net/journal/cohen0504-2.htm 36 Spread of Macro Viruses Macro Viruses spread fast because • Macro viruses may be platform independent in that any hardware/software platform that supports the particular application can be infected. • Macro viruses affect documents and not executable portions of code. • Spread easily – by e-mail. Ex: A virus, called Melissa, used a micro, embedded in a WORD document attached to an e-mail. ……………………. 37 Melissa On opening the WORD attachment of e-mail, • it damages the local machine and • it sends itself to all the addresses in the e-mail address book. In 1999, new e-mail viruses appeared. These would be able to infect, as soon as one opens the carrier e-mail, and not by opening an attachment 38 Unix/Linux Viruses: • • • • The most famous of the security incidents in the last decade was the internet Worm incident which began from a Unix system. Several Linux viruses have been discovered. The Staog virus first appeared in 1996 and was written in assembly language by the VLAD virus writing group, the same group responsible for creating the first Windows 95 virus called Boza. Like the Boza virus, the Staog virus is a proof-ofconcept virus to demonstrate the potential of Linux virus writing without actually causing any real damage. 39 Unix/Linux Viruses (continued) • • The second known Linux virus is called the Bliss virus. Unlike the Staog virus, the Bliss virus can not only spread in the wild, but also possesses a potentially dangerous payload that could wipe out data. 40 Zombie Zombie: A program that takes over a computer, without any authorization and without informing the owner of the system. The program originates from some other host. It then uses the computer, that has been taken over, for attacking a victim. Objectives: To hide the originator of the attack To attack the victim through a large number of zombie computers (as in a DDoS attack) 41 Bacteria or rabbit • Bacteria, or rabbit program, replicates without bound to overwhelm a computer system’s resources. • Bacteria do not explicitly damage any files. Their sole purpose is to replicate themselves. • A typical bacteria program may do nothing more than execute two copies of itself simultaneously on multiprogramming systems, or perhaps create two new files, each of which is a copy of the original source file of the bacteria program. 42 Bacteria continued: • Both of those programs then may copy themselves twice, and so on. Bacteria reproduce exponentially, eventually taking up all the processor capacity, memory, or disk space, denying the user access to those resources. 43 Dropper: • A dropper: a program that is not a virus, nor is it infected with a virus, but when the program is run, it installs a virus into memory, on to the disk, or into a file. • Droppers have been written sometimes as a convenient carrier for a virus, and sometimes as an act of sabotage. • Some anti-virus programs try to detect droppers. 44 Virus Detection: “Virus” is used, (in the following slidesfor- detection-and-removal of viruses,) to stand for all types of malicious programs. • • Virus detection programs analyze a suspect program for the presence of known viruses. Fred Cohen has proven mathematically: that perfect detection of unknown viruses is impossible: no program can look at other program and say either “a virus is present” or “no virus is present”, and always be correct. 45 Virus Detection (continued): Most new viruses are sufficiently like old viruses: the scanning for old viruses may find the new ones. • There are a large number of heuristic tricks that anti-virus programs use to detect new viruses, based either on how they look, or what they do. • Since brand-new viruses are comparatively rare, these methods may suffice. After detection of a virus, its identification and removal is required. • 46 ‘generations’ of virus scanners The first generation virus scanners: obtained a virus signature, a bit pattern, to detect a known virus. They record and check the length of all executables. The second generation scans executables with heuristic rules, looking for fragments of code associated with a typical virus. They also do integrity checking by calculating a checksum of a program and storing somewhere else the encrypted checksum. 47 ‘generations’ of virus scanners (continued) Second generation (continued)….A better method is storing a hash function rather than a checksum. The encryption key is stored at a separate place. The third generation: use a memory resident program to monitor the execution behavior of programs to identify a virus by the types of action that the virus takes. The fourth generation: combines all the previous approaches and includes access control capabilities so that system penetration and access to files may be denied. 48 Advanced Anti virus Techniques 1) Generic Decryption (GD) Technology It uses the following components : a) CPU Emulator: Consisting of a virtual computer with software versions of all registers and other processor hardware. b) Virus signature scanner c) Emulator control module Virus elements are usually activated immediately after a program starts execution. GD begins execution of an executable file in the CPU emulator. As each instruction is executed, the signature scanner tries to expose the virus. 49 Advanced Anti virus Techniques: Generic Decryption (GD) Technology A polymorphic virus would decrypt itself and be recognized by the signature scanner. This process does not affect the computer, since the CPU emulator provides a safe and controlled environment. Difficulties: How many instruction may be interpreted through the emulator ? - is a design issue The user would complain if the GD scanner uses a great deal of computer resources and these are not available to the user. 50 Advanced Anti virus Techniques: IBM’s Digital Immune System 2) IBM’s Digital Immune System (DIS): Since the viruses spread through e-mail, internet and mobile code, IBM has developed the system for fast response. When a new virus enters the system of an organization, DIS captures it, analyzes it, adds detection and shielding for it, removes it and informs other systems running IBM anti-virus about it 51 Components of DIS 1) Monitoring Program - on each PC - uses heuristics based on system behaviour changes to programs virus signatures to monitor the presence of a virus in a program. Such an infected program is sent to an Administrative Machine in the organization 52 Components of DIS continued 2) Administrative Machines : one machines located at each site It encrypts suspect program received for any PC. It sends the encrypted suspect program to the Central Virus Analysis machine. 3) Central Virus Analysis machine : It provides a safe environment for running the suspect program (like the CPU emulator and Emulation Control module of the GD scanner). 53 Components of DIS continued 3) Central Virus Analysis machine : continued.. It generates a prescription for identifying and removing the virus. The prescription is sent to all the clients in the world through their Administrative Machines. 54 Advanced Anti virus Techniques: Behavior Blocking Software 3) Behavior Blocking Software: monitors and blocks malicious actions like Attempts to open, view, delete or modify files Attempt to format a disk or other non-recoverable disk operations. Modifying logic of executable files or macros Modification of critical settings like start-up settings Initiation of network communication sending executable content through e-mail or instant messaging. 55 Behavior Blocking Software continued Irrespective of complexity of a virus, this realtime blocking of malicious request can keep the system safe. However even a behavior, which may look normal, may be problematic, thus shuffling of files may make them unusable. So if shuffling of files is not blocked, a virus may still succeed in making the system unusable. But can we/ should we block shuffling of files? 56 Prevention, Detection & Removal of Viruses Use software acquired from reliable vendors only Test all new software on isolated computers with no hard disk and not connected to a network and with boot disk removed Check for any unexpected behavior. Scan with an up-to-date virus scanner, which should have been installed before running the new software. 57 Prevention, Detection & Removal of Viruses continued Open an attachment only if it is safe. When the system is known to be virus free, prepare a recoverable system image and store it safely in a write-protected medium Prepare and store safely back-up copies of executable system files Use virus scanners and update them regularly. 58 Prevention, Detection & Removal of Viruses continued Removal of a virus : possible only if it is detected and eliminated faster than it spreads A resident virus may disable system calls, used for deleting it. A virus may be hidden in a variety of files even in normally hidden system files. 59 Example of Viruses: Brain: It locates itself in the upper part of memory. Traps interrupt 19 (used in PCs for disk-read) by resetting the interrupt address table to point to itself. Uses interrupt 6 (unused in PCs) to point to the ‘former address’ of interrupt 19 Thus it receives all disk read calls and shows only the original uninfected boot sector to a user (thus hiding itself.) 60 Example of Viruses: Brain It uses the boot sector and 6 other sectors on the disk. The brain virus splits itself into 3 parts. The first part is in the boot sector. The other 2 parts are in the two other sector of the disk. The 3rd sector of the disk contains the original boot sector code. Another copy of the virus is stored in the remaining 3 sectors on the disk 61 Example of Viruses: Brain continued The virus marks the six disk sectors as faulty, so that OS may not use them. Signature: in 5th and 6th bytes of the file, it stores 1234 ( HEX ). Action : with every disk read, it examines the file for its signature. If it is not there, it infects the file. Name: It changes the label of any disk it attacks to the word BRAIN. 62 Morris Worm Released on Internet in the evening of Nov 2, 1988 by Robert T. Morris Jr., a grad student of Cornell. In 1990 he was sentenced to a fine of $10,000, a suspended 3 year jail and 400 hours of community service. Morris exploited three flaws: 1. Unix Password file is stored in encrypted form. But any one can read the ciphertext. 63 Morris Worm: the first flaw To connect to a remote system, it tries to crack the local password file by trying the following: the 432 words (like password, guest, coffee, coke, aaa etc) included in the worm, all the words in the dictionary file stored on the system for spell-check. 64 Morris Worm: the second flaw 2.) the second flaw- in fingered: fingered continuously runs to service requests, from other computers, about system users. Security flaw in fingered : overflow of input buffer spills in to the return address stack when a fingered call terminates, it may execute instructions, pushed through buffer overflow. This may cause the worm to connect to a remote shell. 65 Morris Worm: the third flaw 3) the third flaw --- in sendmail - in debug mode – Normally sendmail runs in the background. It receives a ‘send’ instruction along with dest address. However in debug mode the worm can send a command string, in place of dest address. Then this command string may be executed. Assume that the Worm has been able to enter a host (without its knowledge or permission.) 66 Morris Worm: action It examines the following lists on the host: tables giving lists of trusted machines, mail forwarding lists, tables stating the access rights of the local host on remote machine status of network connections It selects a suitable target. Uses - one of the three flaws - to send a bootstrap program of 99 lines of C code. Through the host, it sends a command to execute the program on the target machine. Then the host logs off. 67 Morris Worm: action continued The bootstraps-on-target now connects to the host to get the rest of the worm. The bootstrap authenticates by sending a password (so that a system admin should not be able to get the rest of the worm) The host sends the rest of the worm Efforts at stealth: if any transmission error occurs while transferring, the bootstrap deletes all record, received till then. 68 Morris Worm: Efforts at Stealth After receiving the full code of the worm, it is encrypted. The original copies are deleted from the target. It changes its name and identifier periodically Because of a flaw in the code of Morris, it created many copies of the worm on the same machine, thereby degrading its performance to normal tasks. After Morris, a Computer Emergency Response Team was set up in Carnegie - Mellon University. 69 Code Red Uses a security hole in MS Internet Information Server (IIS). On July 12, one in 8 of the 6 million IIS servers were affected. The first version shows the following text on the web : Hello! Welcome to http://www.worm.com ! Hacked by Chinese ! 70 Code Red: Action Day 1 to 19th, spawns 99 parallel threads & scans for other computers for infecting them; day 20-27 it attacked www.whitehouse.gov by DDoS; from day 28 to end of month it lies dormant. It disables the system File Checker in windows. It uses random IP addresses to spread to other machines. 71 Code Red: Action continued It suspends its activities periodically and then restarts. Code Red II also installs a backdoor to permit a hacker to be able to use the victim machines. It would automatically stop after Oct 2002. Finally it reboots after 24/48 hours, wipes itself from memory but leaves the Trojan in place. 72 Code Red: Technique continued Vulnerability in IIS: buffer overflow in dynamic link library called idq.dll Code red II creates a trapdoor by copying %windir%\cmd.exe to 4 locations C:\inetpub\scripts\root.txt C:\progra~1\common~1\system\MSADC\root.exe d :\inetpub\scripts\root.ext d:\program1\common~1\sytem\MSADC\root.exe 73 Code Red: Technique continued Code red also includes its own copy of explorer.exe on c: and d: drives. It modifies system registry to allocate Read, Write and execute permission in some directories to every one. The Trojan horse continues to run in the background, resetting the registry every 10 minutes. Thus even if a system admin notices the changes in the registry and removes them, the Trojan will again create changes. Code red may be beta test for ‘information war fare.’ 74 Two more well-known viruses NIMDA: It had multiple spread modes: e-mail client-to-client through open network connection web-server to client client to web-server by using backdoor left by Code Red II It modifies html files and some executable files. It creates numerous copies under various names. 75 The "Slammer" virus The "Slammer" virus ( also known as the "SQL" or "Sapphire" worm): launched at midnight ET on Saturday in Jan 2003, shut down MS IIS based web-servers worldwide. By Sunday morning, about 150,000 to 200,000 servers had been compromised. By quickly copying itself and seeking to spread to the computers that manage Internet traffic, the worm overwhelmed networks worldwide, causing probably the most damaging attack in a year and a half. 76 “Malware payloads have been boring…….. Payloads can be malign and I expect that we’ll see more devious payloads over the next few years.” - Bruce Schneier author of Applied Cryptography 77 Types of Security Threats: Additions • • • Denial of service Illegitimate use Authentication • • • • • IP spoofing Sniffing the password Playback Attack Bucket-brigade attack Generic threats: Backdoors, Trojan horses, viruses etc 78 Types of Attack A Revision Most Internet security problems are access control or authentication ones Denial of service is also popular, but mostly an annoyance Types of Attack • A Passive attack can only observe communications or data • An Active attack can actively modify communications or data • Often difficult to perform, but very powerful – Mail forgery/modification – TCP/IP spoofing/session hijacking • 79 Security Services: A Revision Security Services • From the OSI definition: • Access control: Protects against unauthorized use. • Authentication: Provides assurance of someone's identity. • Confidentiality: Protects against disclosure to unauthorized identities. • Integrity: Protects from unauthorized data alteration. • Non-repudiation: Protects against originator of communications later denying it. Virus detection and cleaning of the files are additional services, required in a networked system. 80 Security Mechanisms: • • Security Mechanisms Three basic building blocks are used: • Encryption is used to provide confidentiality; can also provide authentication and integrity protection • Digital signatures are used to provide authentication, integrity protection, and non-repudiation • Checksums/hash algorithms are used to provide integrity protection, can provide authentication One or more security mechanisms are combined to provide a security service 81 Services, Mechanisms, Algorithms: Services, Mechanisms, Algorithms A typical security protocol provides one or more services Services in a security protocol Signatures DSA RSA Encryption RSA DES Hashing Mechanisms SHAI MD5 Algorithms • Services are built from mechanisms • Mechanisms are implemented using algorithms 82 Security Protocol Layers: Security Protocol Layers Applications E commerce protocols Higher level SSL, TLS, SSH Kerberos IP Sec TCP/LP Data Link Hardware encryption Physical Applications Higher level TCP/LP Data Link Physical Internet 83 Security Protocol Layers (continued): The further down you go, the more transparent it is; the further up you go, the easier it is to deploy. Link level security: If security is provided at the link level, all the frames over the link will receive the security services. Network layer security: Both TCP segments and UDP datagrams will benefit from the host to host security service. (Chapter 13) Transport protocol security: All applications that use the protocol will enjoy the security services of the protocol. (Chapter 14) Application security: The application protocol can be provided with services like authentication, data integrity etc. (Example: e-mail security: Chapter 12) 84 Security at Network Layer only? Security at network layer can encrypt all the data, and it can authenticate the IP addresses. But it cannot provide user-level security services like user authentication. Thus security functions are required to be built into the higher layer applications, in addition to the provision of blanket coverage at network layer. 85 Ease of deployment It is easy to deploy security functionality at higher layers. Thus PGP has come to be used widely for providing e-mail security, while IPSec is yet to be rolled out on the Internet. An effective security system can be built by carefully choosing an appropriate combination of protocols and algorithms 86 Multi-pronged approach Attacks: from various fronts. So security has also to be multi-faceted. Example: A mobile user A, who may be a salesman, may be allowed to access a company network, protected by a firewall. A may have a wireless network at home, which may get connected to the company network. A malicious user, who may be a neighbor or even a computer, in a parked vehicle near A’s home, could in turn become a part of the wireless network. Thus firewall alone may not be able to provide a protection from such a malicious user. 87 Multi Pronged Protection Systems Based on Behavior Blocking Software idea of slide 55 MPPS: monitor traffic characteristics. Use anomalies to develop real time warning and defensive actions. During an attack, MPPS determines the characteristics of malicious attack traffic by tracking various attributes of packets including: Source and destination socket addresses IP TTL protocol 88 Packet length Multi Pronged Protection Systems continued Characterization of the malicious traffic: by identifying the highest volume values for each packet attribute and comparing current distributions of the attribute values to normal distributions. Two types of Triggers: Bandwidth triggers based on packet and byte rates. They indicate attempts to flood a network and consume its bandwidth. Suspicious traffic triggers based on packets that target resources on the network, such as TCP SYN flood attack packets. 89 Solutions Once an attack is detected, there are two solution approaches: Black-hole routing allows the administrator to take all malicious traffic and route it to a null IP address or drop it. Sinkhole routing The malicious traffic is sent to an IP address where it can be examined. 90 Multi Pronged Protection Systems continued Both Black-hole and Sink-hole routing can be used at the enterprise level. Or at the ISP level, who can prevent the malicious traffic from reaching the customer's network. (Most ISPs have some level of DDoS traffic crossing their networks virtually all the time. This costs them money in terms of bandwidth and annoys customers.) DISADVANTAGE of using Filtering at ISP: the possibility of catching legitimate traffic as well. 91 To end three news-item on security one on ticking time-bombs in the weakest link – the PCs and two on 1st April pranks by security companies 92 A honey-pot is added Bill McCarty, an Associate Professor of Web and Information Technology at Azusa Pacific University, Calif., said a Windows 2000 "honey pot" machine that he runs has been added to several bot networks, or botnets – reportedly many hundreds of thousand strong as of now. (A honey pot is a machine connected to the Internet and left defenseless so that security experts can observe hackers' activities or methods.) 93 Two pranks of April 1, 2003 A news-item in the Register, a U.K. IT news Web site: Availability of an Intruder Retaliation Systems (IRS) by a new (fake) security company. The first IRS, called the Payback 1.0: an application that instantly and dynamically 'traces' the IP source address—no matter how well masked—of the network attack/infection and responds by launching either a Domain Name or mail server flood attack in the direction of the attacker." 94 The second prank:An advisory posted to BugTraq (by an Internet security company – but not on Internet security) A (fake) company called S.E.L.L.warns that "a DDoS condition is present in the election system in many polypartisan democratic countries. A group of determined but unskilled and not equipped lowincome individuals, usually between 0.05% and 2% of the overall population of the country, can cause serious disruptions or even a complete downfall of the democratic system and its institutions. The fix for this vulnerability: for affected parliaments to either "establish a convenient dictatorship or a monarchy, or [become] the 51st state." 95 Abbreviations IPSec: IP Sec protocol SSL: Secure Socket layer TLS: Transport Level Security SSH: Secure SHell Kerberos:Project Athena’s Authentication Service SHA: Secure Hash Algorithm DSA: Digital Signature Algorithm RSA: RSA Laboratories named after its founders: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard Adelman DES: Data Encryption Standard MD: Message Digest 96 References 1.To study the details of a scanner Sandeep Kumar, and Gene Spafford, “A Generic Virus Scanner in C++,” Proceedings of the 8th Computer Security Applications Conference, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ; pp.210-219, 2-4 Dec 1992 2.For a complete list of known viruses www.cai.com/virusinfo/encyclopedia/ 3.For cryptography G.C.Kessler, “An Overview of Cryptography” http://www.hill.com/library/staffpubs/crypto.html RSA Laboratories, “RSALabs FAQ,” http://www.rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/faq/ 97 References continued 4.For MPPS http://www.mazunetworks.com/products/enf orcer.html http://www.intruvert.com/resources/inde x.htm http://www.okena.com/areas/products/pr oducts_literature.html#COMPARE 98