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SI Bio 211 11.26.07 Population Genetics 1. _______POPULATION__________________________, not individuals, change genetically over time. 2. The sum total of genes in a population is called the ____GENE_________ __POOL___________. 3. The ______GENE ____________ _____FREQUENCY__________________ is how often an allele at a single locus occurs in a population. 4. _____GENE FLOW_____________ is the movement of alleles over time between populations. 5. State the Hardy-Weinberg equation: P2+2pq+q2 = 1 6. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium means that no ____EVOLUTION___________________ is occurring. 7. What are the 5 assumptions HW? No mutation, No migration, No selection, Random mating and infinitely large population. 8. When does microevolution occur? Natural selection accumulates and maintains favorable mutations and genotypes in a population. If the environment changes, natural selection responds by favoring genotypes and mutations adapted to the new environment. The favorable mutations and genotypes accumulate and gradually leading to microevolution. 9. Contrast founder effect, bottleneck, and genetic drift. Genetic drift - random change in allele frequency Founder effect- a small population from a main population moves to another environment and starts a new population. Due to limited gene variation of the small population, the population will have limited gene variation. Bottleneck effect- a population passes through a selection barrier and only certain genes and alleles pass through and the genetic variation of the population would be very small. The limited genetic component might lead to fixation of the allele in the population. 10. What do p and q represent? P and q represent allele frequencies of two alleles in a population. SI Bio 211 11.26.07 Population Genetics 11. A ____SMALL_____________________ population is more likely to go through genetic drift. 12. For gene flow to occur, _____MIGRATION__________________ must occur between populations. 13. __NATURAL____________ _____SELECTION_____________ is the most powerful evolutionary mechanism. 14. Why does allele fixation occur? Allele fixation occur when only individuals with certain alleles are present in a population and individuals in a population can mate with individual with the same alleles. 15. What is significant about sickle cell anemia? It demonstrates heterozygote advantage. The heterozygotes for sickle-cell allele have selective advantage over malaria. The heterozygotes are better adapted to survive than normal homozygotes or sickle-cell homozygous. 16. What does selection act upon? INDIVIDUALS 17. Draw graphs representing directional, diversifying, and stabilizing selection.