Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Structural history of the Roman military wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Berber kings of Roman-era Tunisia wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the mid-Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Roman infantry tactics wikipedia , lookup
A)The Second Punic War 1) Hannibal’s Journey -Hannibal led his troops over the Alps while riding elephants. 37 elephants , 40,000 infantry, and 6,000 cavalry out of Spain before the Romans could trap him there. -Most of Carthage’s army was made up of mercenaries from Africa , Gaul , Spain , and Phoenicia 2) Why did Hannibal use elephants? To terrify and intimidate the enemy. 3) To move an entire army over the Alps is difficult -Rocks blocked Hannibal’s path and mountain tribes ambushed the army. - many times animals and men slipped thousands of feet to their death . - soldiers became frightened and pessimistic . How did Hannibal lift his men’s spirits? He would give inspiring and passionate speeches. An excerpt from Hannibal’s speech to his men... “What toils and perils you went through for eight months to capture Saguntum? And now that Rome, the capital of the world, is your goal, can you deem anything so difficult and arduous that it should prevent you from reaching it?” 4) After 5 months, Hannibal’s army crossed the Alps and entered the Po Valley in northern Italy . -he had 26,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, and 20 elephants left. - HOWEVER, two tribes from N. Italy who were already at war with Rome eagerly joined Hannibal’s army and made up for the men he had lost . After a short rest , Hannibal quickly defeated a Roman army and began an assault on the Italian peninsula . III. The End of the Second Punic War A) Hannibal spent several months preparing for Scipios coming attack on the city of Carthage. 1) Hannibal recruited about 40,000 soldiers and 80 elephants. 2) Hannibal sent three spies into the Roman camp near Zama to spy on Scipio . - the spies were captured but returned unharmed to the Carthaginians 3) Hannibal then requested a meeting with Scipio. -Hannibal respected that Scipio would make such a bold move to return the spies that had seen the Roman camp without killing them. - They met outside of Zama and came to a decision Their decision is best summed up by the following quote… “ Keeping their armed men at the same distance the generals…spoke at some length…(and concluded) that arms must decide the issue and (that) they must accept whatever lot the Gods (gave) them.” B) The battle of Zama ! 1) Hannibal started by advancing hundreds of elephants into Scipio’s military lines . Due to Scipio’s research , Hannibal’s plan failed. From the History of Western Civilization, Boise State University: These were war elephants, specially trained, and Hannibal staked the battle on them. He ranged his elephants, perhaps a hundred or so, in front of his infantry. When the battle began, he sent them en masse against the Roman lines, like a cavalry charge. It must have been terrifying to the Romans, but Scipio had prepared them. He knew of Hannibal's plans and had his own plan in place. He had his troops spread in normal battle formation. When the elephants charged, the men re-formed into columns, leaving wide alleys between. To aid the elephants, the men were instructed to shout, bang metal on metal, and in general make as much noise as possible, causing the beasts to shy away from the noise and into the alley ways. And as they went past, archers shot at their riders. With great faith in their commander, the Roman troops executed the plan perfectly. The elephants passed right through the Roman lines. While the beasts eventually got turned back around, the massed charge on which Hannibal had depended, was utterly ineffective. 2) The battle lasted all day long with both sides fighting hard. 3) Scipio launched a counter attack and used his cavalry to attack Hannibal’s troops from the rear. - This caused major damage to Hannibal’s troops and cost him the battle. Hannibal managed to escape but the slaughter was horrific . It was said that at the Battle of Zama… “ The Romans were hindered by the quantity of slippery corpses which were still soaked in blood and had fallen in heaps and the number of arms thrown away haphazard.” C) Following Carthage ’s defeat at Zama , Hannibal himself advised Carthage to establish a peace treatywith Rome. - in 201 B.C.E. Roman ambassadors arrived on the shores of Carthage and presented very harsh terms for the new peace treaty ( similar to the peace treaty after the 1st Punic War). D) The terms of the Peace Treaty 1) Carthage had to give up Spain and the Mediterranean islands. 2) Surrender all elephants. 3) Burn all but 10 of their warships 4) Pay a huge indemnity(fine) for 50 years 5)Never declare war without first consulting Rome - Much to the ambassador’s surprise, Hannibal urged his country to accept the terms because he said they were not too harsh E) What happens to Hannibal ? 1) The Romans did not require the Carthaginians to turn Hannibal over to them. - over time the Romans came to fear Hannibal because he led raids around Rome for many years later. 2) The Romans invented a charge that he was conspiring with Rome’s enemies . - To appease the Romans, Carthage declared Hannibal an outlaw and he fled to the Middle East 3) Hannibal was pursued by Roman agents and was cornered near the Black Sea. - finding no way out, he committed suicide. The destruction and humiliation of Carthage Rome decides to… 1) Send 80,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry to North Africa to intimidate the Carthaginians into meeting their demands. 2) The cruel demands… a) The Carthaginians had to turn over 300 children from noble families to be held as hostages during Rome’s and Carthage’s negotiations. b) All weapons and machines of war were to be turned over to them. c) All citizens of Carthage would have to leave the city and rebuild 10 mile inland. This was the straw that broke the camels back! G) The Refusal that lead to War - Carthage put up a valiant but unsuccessful effort to defend their homes. How? 1) They freed all slaves and made them citizens so they could fight in the war 2) Rich citizens gave up all their wealth so that the government could purchase materials to make weapons. 3) Every open space was turned into a factory to produce weapons. - Men and women worked all day and night to produce 100 shields, 300 swords, and 1,000 missiles for catapults, and 500 darts and spears. 4) Women cut off their hair to make it into rope. H) Carthage held off the Romans for three years until after a bloody battle the city fell in 146 B.C.E. The Carthaginians lost. I) What did the Romans do to Carthage? 1) The Roman army torched the city and it burned for 17 days. This quote describes the torching of Carthage… “The fire spread and carried everything down…many fell dead under the collapsing stones. Still others…were torn asunder into all kind of horrible shapes, crushed and mangled.” 2) After the fire went out, the Romans tore down all remaining buildings. 3) Sowed salt into the ground so nothing would ever grow again. 4) Sold the 50,000 Carthaginian survivors into slavery. J) Archaeology Today - Carthage was so destroyed that even today few artifacts exist. Thus the Punic Wars ended forever.