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Transcript
MAYO The Geography of Rome Legend • Legendary story of Aeneas • Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. • The Aeneid, by Virgil Romulus and Remus • Romulus and Remus are the twin brothers and central characters of Rome's foundation myth • Their mother was Rhea Silvia, Father was Mars (god of war) • Rhea Silvia’s brother had the twins abandoned in the Tiber river • They did not die, but were carried down river where they were adopted by a she wolf The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus • Later adopted by a shepard and his wife • Natural leaders, they sought to found a new city but quarreled over its location and Romulus killed Remus • Romulus founded Rome (750 BCE) • Palantine Hill (one of the seven hills of Rome … center) The Etruscans • Modern English name given to a civilization of ancient Italy in the area corresponding roughly to Tuscany • influenced by Greek traders and Greek neighbors • Monarch or chief ruled the state • Leader tied to religious beliefs (Theocracy) • Polytheistic • all visible phenomena were considered to be a manifestation of divine power and that power was subdivided into deities • Sandals Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. • The Twelve Tables came about as a result of the long social struggle between patricians and plebeians • Table I mandates that when a person is accused of something, both accused and accuser must be present at a hearing or trial on the matter. Also, if both parties don't show up for a court date, the judge is free to rule in favor of the party that did show up. • Table III gives debtors 30 days to pay off a debt. After that, a creditor is free to seize the debtor and make him or her a prisoner. • Table IV makes a man's will binding. • Table VIII lists specific punishments for certain crimes. It also says that if a person fails to show up as a trial witness, then that person will never again be allowed to be a witness. Most importantly, it says that a person shown to have lied in court will be put to death. • Table IX specifies capital punishment for judges who have taken bribes and for people who have committed treason. The Roman Forum Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts Carthaginian Empire Punic Wars • The First Punic War (264–241 BCE) – – – – Fought over a smaller conflict in Sicily Rome won major land battle (Agrigentum) Carthage NAVAL POWER !!! Rome built navy and initiated new tactic (corvus) – Victory made Rome the most powerful entity in the Mediterranean Second Punic War (218 BCE – 201 BCE) • Longtime resentment and colonial rivalry caused this second conflict • Best known for Carthaginian general hannibal Barca … elephants / Alps • Roman victory in Africa … Battle of Zama … Scipio Africanus Hannibal’s Route Third Punic War (149–146 BCE) • Mostly a Roman siege of Carthage that resulted in the destruction of the city Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. Roman Republic Culture • several theatres, gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels • Most Roman towns and cities had a forum and temples, as did the city of Rome itself • Aqueducts brought water to urban centers • Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold • Men typically wore a toga, and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga, and was usually brightly colored • Romans had simple food habits. Staple food was generally consumed at around 11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, salad, cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before Leaders of Note • Sulla – Brought his army into Rome – Future leaders forbidden form doing so – Ruled with near total authority – Resigned after reforming government to benefit aristocracy The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor The “efficiency” of Augustus? • Reduced inefficiency and corruption • No threat from ambitious individuals • Senate was appeased but given no power • Purged senate of “less desirable elements” • He recruited specific people to be appointed senators Defense of Augustus? • Divided Rome in to regions (efficient management with local authority) • Professional army • Spread of Roman culture The First Roman Dynasty Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE The Roman Colosseum Colosseum • Vespasian – 72 CE • Titus – 80 CE • Seating for 50,000 • Seating based on social rank, status The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus Circus Maximus • Roughly 2,000 feet by 400 feet • SEVEN (7) football fields in length • 150,000 spectators The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity Persecution? • Claudius (41 – 54) – expelled Christians • Nero (54 – 68)– scapegoats … fire • Trajan (98 – 117) – moderation regarding religion • Mobs often persecuted Christians more than the government … self righteous • Martyrs • Decius – 250 CE war with Goths – Persecution was tied to war – Decius sought blessing of Rome’s traditional deities in war along with public rituals and sacrifices – Christians refused • Valerian – 255-260 – Persecution of Christians was tied to confiscation of land and property of wealthy Christians • Martyrs Roman Catholic Rome • By the time of the death of Theodosius in 394, Christianity was official religion of Rome • Not always good – Conversion for wrong reasons – Church influence in government weakened government Arianism and Nicea • For three hundred years Christians debated “what” Jesus was • Arians held that Jesus was NOT God. He was the son of God and more than a mere man, BUT not God • This contradicted what many church leaders had accepted … Trinity • Nicea (325) – settled issue Imperial Roman Road System The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Invaders • Visogoths – 410 … Alaric • Huns – Attila 452 • Vandals - 455 Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian Byzantine Empire • Three periods of Byzantine Empire – 1. 324 – 632 from the rebuilding of Byzantium as Constantinople to the period of Islam – 2. 632 – 1071 when the Seljuk Turks conquered – 3. 1071 – 1453 When Ottoman Turks conquered and established the Ottoman Empire The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch